LECTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3rd EDITION ROBERT G. MORTIMER

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The Equilibrium State of a Closed Simple System
For a system to be at macroscopic equilibrium, every
process must have proceeded to the state at which
the appropriate criterion for spontaneity has been
satisfied. For example, when a closed simple system
at constant temperature and pressure reaches
equilibrium, the Gibbs energy must have reached the
minimum value possible at that pressure and
temperature.
If the temperature and pressure are constant, an
infinitesimal change in a simple system at equilibrium
must obey
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