LECTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3rd EDITION ROBERT G. MORTIMER

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4.5. Multicomponent Systems
In an equilibrium open multicomponent system with one
gas or liquid phase the number of variables required to
specify the equilibrium macroscopic state is c + 2, where
c stands for the number of independent substances,
called components. The number of components is equal
to the number of substances whose amounts can
separately be varied under the given conditions. It is also
equal to the minimum number of substances from which
the system can be prepared under the given conditions.
For example, if a gaseous system at equilibrium contains
NO 2
it will also contain N 2
O 4
. The system can be
prepared by adding only NO 2
or by adding only N 2
O 4
and
allowing the system to equilibrate. Two substances are
present, but there is only one component.
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