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4 PART 1 Antibiotic Therapy Less like us Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Archaea Herpesviruses HSV VZV EBV CMV Grampositive Gramnegative Atypical bacteria Mycoplasma Chlamydia Figure 1–1 The Microbial World Differentiating bacteria that are responsible for infection from those just along for the ride can be difficult. Many bacteria that can cause human disease are also normal commensal flora, including Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, growth of one of these organisms from a culture is not necessarily synonymous with infection. Suspicion of infection is increased greatly if the organism grows from a normally sterile site, such as the bloodstream or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Indicators of infection in nonsterile sites (such as sputum and wound cultures) are a high number of organisms, presence of inflammatory cells, and symptoms referable to the
chapter 1 Microbiology 5 More like us Eukaryotes Mammals Fungi Parasites Yeasts Candida Cryptococcus Moulds Aspergillus Zygomycetes Protozoa Giardia Plasmodium Helminths Taenia Ascaris Dimorphic fungi Coccidioides Blastomyces culture site (e.g., cough or dyspnea in a patient with a sputum culture growing S. pneumoniae, redness and pain in a patient with a skin culture growing Staphylococcus aureus). Definitive identification and susceptibility testing may take anywhere from hours to months, depending on the organism and the methods used. Microscopic examination and staining may allow for rapid preliminary identification. For bacteria, the most important of these techniques is the Gram’s stain. Being able to interpret preliminary results of microbiology testing will allow you to provide the most appropriate therapy to your patients as early as possible.
Page 1 and 2: Antibiotics Simplified third EDITIO
Page 3 and 4: Contents Acknowledgments Introducti
Page 5 and 6: Contents v Chapter 28: Antifungal A
Page 7: Acknowledgments Our thanks go to th
Page 10 and 11: x Introduction ■■ How to Use Th
Page 13: New to the Third Edition The Third
Page 17: The Wonderful World of Microbiology
Page 21 and 22: chapter 1 Microbiology 7 Influenza
Page 23 and 24: chapter 1 Microbiology 9 Bacilli An
Page 25 and 26: chapter 1 Microbiology 11 Gram-nega
Page 27 and 28: chapter 1 Microbiology 13 Cocci Aer
Page 29 and 30: General Approach to Infectious Dise
Page 31 and 32: chapter 2 Infectious Diseases 17 Th
Page 33 and 34: chapter 2 Infectious Diseases 19 Su
Page 35 and 36: chapter 2 Infectious Diseases 21 al
Page 37 and 38: Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics 3 The t
Page 39 and 40: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 25 Table
Page 41 and 42: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 27 can b
Page 43 and 44: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 29 becau
Page 45: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 31 Table
Page 48 and 49: 34 PART 1 Antibiotic Therapy No vis
Page 50 and 51: 36 PART 1 Antibiotic Therapy Table
Page 52 and 53: 38 PART 1 Antibiotic Therapy done i
Page 55 and 56: Adverse Consequences of Antibiotic
Page 57 and 58: chapter 5 Adverse Consequences 43 f
Page 59 and 60: chapter 5 Adverse Consequences 45 U
Page 61: Antibacterial Drugs Part 2
Page 64 and 65: 50 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs to be
Page 66 and 67: 52 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs is ne
Page 68 and 69:
54 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Spect
Page 71 and 72:
Antistaphylococcal Penicillins Agen
Page 73 and 74:
Aminopenicillins Agents: amoxicilli
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chapter 6 Beta-Lactams 61 Don’t F
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64 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Adver
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66 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs enhan
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68 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs good
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70 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Cefaz
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72 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs ■
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Page 91 and 92:
Third-Generation Cephalosporins Age
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chapter 6 Beta-Lactams 79 biliary e
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82 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs but o
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84 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs bind
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Carbapenems Agents: imipenem/cilast
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chapter 6 Beta-Lactams 89 and thus
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Page 107 and 108:
94 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Mecha
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96 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs as be
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98 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Spect
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chapter 9 Aminoglycosides 103 equal
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Aminoglycosides 9 Agents: gentamici
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chapter 9 Aminoglycosides 103 equal
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Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines 10
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chapter 10 Tetracyclines 107 admini
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Macrolides and Ketolides 11 Agents:
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chapter 11 Macrolides and Ketolides
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Oxazolidinones 12 Agent: linezolid
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chapter 12 Oxazolidinones 115 What
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118 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Spec
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Nitrofurans and Fosfomycin 14 Agent
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chapter 14 Nitrofurans and Fosfomyc
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Page 143 and 144:
Cyclic Lipopeptides 16 Agent: dapto
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chapter 16 Cyclic Lipopeptides 131
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Page 150 and 151:
136 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs What
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Page 154 and 155:
140 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Don
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Page 158 and 159:
144 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Beca
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146 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs asso
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Antimycobacterial Drugs 21 ■■ I
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chapter 21 Antimycobacterial Drugs
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154 PART 3 Antimycobacterial Drugs
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Page 172 and 173:
Page 175 and 176:
Pyrazinamide 24 Agent: pyrazinamide
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Ethambutol 25 Agent: ethambutol (EM
Page 179:
Antifungal Drugs Part 4
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168 PART 4 Antifungal Drugs When th
Page 185 and 186:
Polyenes 27 Agents: amphotericin B,
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chapter 27 Polyenes 173 1.5 mg/kg/d
Page 189 and 190:
Antifungal Antimetabolites 28 Agent
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chapter 28 Antifungal Antimetabolit
Page 195 and 196:
Fluconazole The introduction of flu
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chapter 29 Azoles 183 • The high
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186 PART 4 Antifungal Drugs Adverse
Page 203 and 204:
Voriconazole The introduction of vo
Page 205 and 206:
chapter 29 Azoles 191 ■■ Import
Page 207 and 208:
Posaconazole Posaconazole is the ne
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chapter 29 Azoles 195 inhibitors lo
Page 212 and 213:
198 PART 4 Antifungal Drugs Spectru
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Antiviral Drugs Part 5
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204 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs The unde
Page 221 and 222:
Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus and Varic
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chapter 32 Anti-HSV and VZV Agents
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212 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs Spectrum
Page 229 and 230:
Neuraminidase Inhibitors 34 Agents:
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chapter 34 Neuraminidase Inhibitors
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220 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs the comm
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Page 238 and 239:
224 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs What The
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226 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs Adverse
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228 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs • NNRT
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230 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs The drug
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232 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs • The
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Integrase Inhibitors Agents: ralteg
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chapter 35 Antiretroviral Drugs 237
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240 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs from hea
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Page 258 and 259:
244 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs option f
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246 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs Think of
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248 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs ribaviri
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250 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs administ
Page 267 and 268:
Hepatitis B Nucleoside Analogs 39 A
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Antiparasitic Drugs Part 6
Page 272 and 273:
258 PART 6 Antiparasitic Drugs Tabl
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Quinolines 41 Agents: chloroquine,
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chapter 41 Quinolines 263 majority
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Atovaquone 42 Agents: atovaquone, a
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chapter 42 Atovaquone 267 Don’t F
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270 PART 6 Antiparasitic Drugs Adve
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Pentamidine 44 Agent: pentamidine P
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chapter 44 Pentamidine 275 as appro
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278 PART 6 Antiparasitic Drugs Spec
Page 294 and 295:
Appendix 1 Selected Normal Human Fl
Page 296 and 297:
Appendix 2 Spectrum of Activity A N
Page 298 and 299:
284 appendix 2 and thus less likely
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286 appendix 2 Table A-2 Clinically
Page 302 and 303:
Appendix 3 Empiric Regimens for Com
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290 appendix 3 Infection Common Pat
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292 appendix 3 Infection Common Pat
Page 308 and 309:
294 Index Amoxicillin/clavulanate,
Page 310 and 311:
296 Index Broad-spectrum antibacter
Page 312 and 313:
298 Index Combivir, 221 Community-a
Page 314 and 315:
300 Index Eukaryotes, 5, 203 Extend
Page 316 and 317:
302 Index HIV (continued) anti-herp
Page 318 and 319:
304 Index Minimum bactericidal conc
Page 320 and 321:
306 Index PEG. See Polyethylene gly
Page 322 and 323:
308 Index Pseudomonas (continued) P
Page 324 and 325:
310 Index Sustained virologic respo
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