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World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000 info@jblearning.com www.jblearning.com Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com. Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to specialsales@jblearning.com. Copyright © 2014 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. The content, statements, views, and opinions herein are the sole expression of the respective authors and not that of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and such reference shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. All trademarks displayed are the trademarks of the parties noted herein. Antibiotics Simplified, Third Edition is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by the owners of the trademarks or service marks referenced in this product. There may be images in this book that feature models; these models do not necessarily endorse, represent, or participate in the activities represented in the images. Any screenshots in this product are for educational and instructive purposes only. Any individuals and scenarios featured in the case studies throughout this product may be real or fictitious, but are used for instructional purposes only. The authors, editor, and publisher have made every effort to provide accurate information. However, they are not responsible for errors, omissions, or for any outcomes related to the use of the contents of this book and take no responsibility for the use of the products and procedures described. Treatments and side effects described in this book may not be applicable to all people; likewise, some people may require a dose or experience a side effect that is not described herein. Drugs and medical devices are discussed that may have limited availability controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use only in a research study or clinical trial. Research, clinical practice, and government regulations often change the accepted standard in this field. When consideration is being given to use of any drug in the clinical setting, the healthcare provider or reader is responsible for determining FDA status of the drug, reading the package insert, and reviewing prescribing information for the most up-to-date recommendations on dose, precautions, and contraindications, and determining the appropriate usage for the product. This is especially important in the case of drugs that are new or seldom used. Production Credits Publisher: William Brottmiller Cover Design: Michael O’Donnell Senior Acquisitions Editor: Katey Birtcher Cover Images: (pills) © Photos.com, (bacteria) Editorial Assistant: Sean Fabery Courtesy of Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Production Editor: Jill Morton NIAID, NIH Marketing Manager: Grace Richards Printing and Binding: Edwards Brothers VP, Manufacturing and Inventory Control: Malloy Therese Connell Cover Printing: Edwards Brothers Malloy Composition: Lapiz, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gallagher, Jason C. Antibiotics simplified / Jason C. Gallagher, Conan MacDougall. — 3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-284-02539-2 — ISBN 1-284-02539-X I. MacDougall, Conan. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anti-Bacterial Agents—Handbooks. QV 39] RM267 615’.7922—dc23 6048 2013007358 Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents Acknowledgments Introduction New to the Third Edition vii ix xiii Part 1: Considerations with Antibiotic Therapy 1 Chapter 1: The Wonderful World of Microbiology 3 Chapter 2: General Approach to Infectious Diseases 15 Chapter 3: Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics 23 Chapter 4: Antibiotic Pharmacodynamics 33 Chapter 5: Adverse Consequences of Antibiotic Use 41 Part 2: Antibacterial Drugs 47 Chapter 6: Beta-Lactams 49 Penicillins 51 Natural Penicillins 53 Antistaphylococcal Penicillins 57 Aminopenicillins 59 Antipseudomonal Penicillins 63 Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations 65 Cephalosporins 69 First-Generation Cephalosporins 71 Second-Generation Cephalosporins 73 iii
Page 1: Antibiotics Simplified third EDITIO
Page 5 and 6: Contents v Chapter 28: Antifungal A
Page 7: Acknowledgments Our thanks go to th
Page 10 and 11: x Introduction ■■ How to Use Th
Page 13: New to the Third Edition The Third
Page 17 and 18: The Wonderful World of Microbiology
Page 19 and 20: chapter 1 Microbiology 5 More like
Page 21 and 22: chapter 1 Microbiology 7 Influenza
Page 23 and 24: chapter 1 Microbiology 9 Bacilli An
Page 25 and 26: chapter 1 Microbiology 11 Gram-nega
Page 27 and 28: chapter 1 Microbiology 13 Cocci Aer
Page 29 and 30: General Approach to Infectious Dise
Page 31 and 32: chapter 2 Infectious Diseases 17 Th
Page 33 and 34: chapter 2 Infectious Diseases 19 Su
Page 35 and 36: chapter 2 Infectious Diseases 21 al
Page 37 and 38: Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics 3 The t
Page 39 and 40: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 25 Table
Page 41 and 42: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 27 can b
Page 43 and 44: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 29 becau
Page 45: chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics 31 Table
Page 48 and 49: 34 PART 1 Antibiotic Therapy No vis
Page 50 and 51: 36 PART 1 Antibiotic Therapy Table
Page 52 and 53:
38 PART 1 Antibiotic Therapy done i
Page 55 and 56:
Adverse Consequences of Antibiotic
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chapter 5 Adverse Consequences 43 f
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chapter 5 Adverse Consequences 45 U
Page 61:
Antibacterial Drugs Part 2
Page 64 and 65:
50 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs to be
Page 66 and 67:
52 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs is ne
Page 68 and 69:
54 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Spect
Page 71 and 72:
Antistaphylococcal Penicillins Agen
Page 73 and 74:
Aminopenicillins Agents: amoxicilli
Page 75:
chapter 6 Beta-Lactams 61 Don’t F
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64 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Adver
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66 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs enhan
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68 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs good
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70 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Cefaz
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72 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs ■
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Page 91 and 92:
Third-Generation Cephalosporins Age
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chapter 6 Beta-Lactams 79 biliary e
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82 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs but o
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84 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs bind
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Carbapenems Agents: imipenem/cilast
Page 102:
chapter 6 Beta-Lactams 89 and thus
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Page 107 and 108:
94 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Mecha
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96 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs as be
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98 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Spect
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chapter 9 Aminoglycosides 103 equal
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Aminoglycosides 9 Agents: gentamici
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chapter 9 Aminoglycosides 103 equal
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Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines 10
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chapter 10 Tetracyclines 107 admini
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Macrolides and Ketolides 11 Agents:
Page 125 and 126:
chapter 11 Macrolides and Ketolides
Page 127 and 128:
Oxazolidinones 12 Agent: linezolid
Page 129:
chapter 12 Oxazolidinones 115 What
Page 132 and 133:
118 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Spec
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Nitrofurans and Fosfomycin 14 Agent
Page 137:
chapter 14 Nitrofurans and Fosfomyc
Page 140 and 141:
Page 143 and 144:
Cyclic Lipopeptides 16 Agent: dapto
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chapter 16 Cyclic Lipopeptides 131
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
136 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs What
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Page 154 and 155:
140 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Don
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Page 158 and 159:
144 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs Beca
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146 PART 2 Antibacterial Drugs asso
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Antimycobacterial Drugs 21 ■■ I
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chapter 21 Antimycobacterial Drugs
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154 PART 3 Antimycobacterial Drugs
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Page 172 and 173:
Page 175 and 176:
Pyrazinamide 24 Agent: pyrazinamide
Page 177 and 178:
Ethambutol 25 Agent: ethambutol (EM
Page 179:
Antifungal Drugs Part 4
Page 182 and 183:
168 PART 4 Antifungal Drugs When th
Page 185 and 186:
Polyenes 27 Agents: amphotericin B,
Page 187 and 188:
chapter 27 Polyenes 173 1.5 mg/kg/d
Page 189 and 190:
Antifungal Antimetabolites 28 Agent
Page 191:
chapter 28 Antifungal Antimetabolit
Page 195 and 196:
Fluconazole The introduction of flu
Page 197:
chapter 29 Azoles 183 • The high
Page 200 and 201:
186 PART 4 Antifungal Drugs Adverse
Page 203 and 204:
Voriconazole The introduction of vo
Page 205 and 206:
chapter 29 Azoles 191 ■■ Import
Page 207 and 208:
Posaconazole Posaconazole is the ne
Page 209:
chapter 29 Azoles 195 inhibitors lo
Page 212 and 213:
198 PART 4 Antifungal Drugs Spectru
Page 215:
Antiviral Drugs Part 5
Page 218 and 219:
204 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs The unde
Page 221 and 222:
Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus and Varic
Page 223:
chapter 32 Anti-HSV and VZV Agents
Page 226 and 227:
212 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs Spectrum
Page 229 and 230:
Neuraminidase Inhibitors 34 Agents:
Page 231:
chapter 34 Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Page 234 and 235:
220 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs the comm
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Page 238 and 239:
224 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs What The
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226 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs Adverse
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228 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs • NNRT
Page 244 and 245:
230 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs The drug
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232 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs • The
Page 249 and 250:
Integrase Inhibitors Agents: ralteg
Page 251:
chapter 35 Antiretroviral Drugs 237
Page 254 and 255:
240 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs from hea
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Page 258 and 259:
244 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs option f
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246 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs Think of
Page 262 and 263:
248 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs ribaviri
Page 264 and 265:
250 PART 5 Antiviral Drugs administ
Page 267 and 268:
Hepatitis B Nucleoside Analogs 39 A
Page 269:
Antiparasitic Drugs Part 6
Page 272 and 273:
258 PART 6 Antiparasitic Drugs Tabl
Page 275 and 276:
Quinolines 41 Agents: chloroquine,
Page 277 and 278:
chapter 41 Quinolines 263 majority
Page 279 and 280:
Atovaquone 42 Agents: atovaquone, a
Page 281:
chapter 42 Atovaquone 267 Don’t F
Page 284 and 285:
270 PART 6 Antiparasitic Drugs Adve
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Pentamidine 44 Agent: pentamidine P
Page 289:
chapter 44 Pentamidine 275 as appro
Page 292 and 293:
278 PART 6 Antiparasitic Drugs Spec
Page 294 and 295:
Appendix 1 Selected Normal Human Fl
Page 296 and 297:
Appendix 2 Spectrum of Activity A N
Page 298 and 299:
284 appendix 2 and thus less likely
Page 300 and 301:
286 appendix 2 Table A-2 Clinically
Page 302 and 303:
Appendix 3 Empiric Regimens for Com
Page 304 and 305:
290 appendix 3 Infection Common Pat
Page 306 and 307:
292 appendix 3 Infection Common Pat
Page 308 and 309:
294 Index Amoxicillin/clavulanate,
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296 Index Broad-spectrum antibacter
Page 312 and 313:
298 Index Combivir, 221 Community-a
Page 314 and 315:
300 Index Eukaryotes, 5, 203 Extend
Page 316 and 317:
302 Index HIV (continued) anti-herp
Page 318 and 319:
304 Index Minimum bactericidal conc
Page 320 and 321:
306 Index PEG. See Polyethylene gly
Page 322 and 323:
308 Index Pseudomonas (continued) P
Page 324 and 325:
310 Index Sustained virologic respo
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