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It was evident that the change in Ca 2+ - ATPase expression as seen from the mRNA level was directly activated by the effect of NaCl and CaCl 2 and Ca 2+ accumulation in cytoplasm (Niu et al., 1995). The change in Ca 2+ -ATPase level was then inevitably needed to restore the Ca 2+ homeostasis and made the rice survive in the high salt condition. CONCLUSION 1. NaCl in the medium caused the increase of Na + in the KDML105 roots at the early stage of the exposure (3 hours) and kept at the same level throughout most of the experimental period except at day 8, while the Na + change in the leaves was observed after one-day exposure but continuously increased at distinctive level. Addition of CaCl 2 to the NaCl containing medium helped decreasing Na + accumulation in the leaves at day 8 but this effect was not distinctively seen in the roots. 2. NaCl showed a negative effect on the K + level in both leaves and roots of KDML105 from the early three hour after exposure to the salt. The change in K + over time, however, was not clearly seen. The early drop of K + level was mainly due to the competition of Na + with K + for the same K + channel. 3. NaCl alone had little effect on the Ca 2+ levels in the leaves and the roots of KDML105 but having NaCl combined with CaCl 2 made a distinctive change in Ca 2+ accumulation at both parts to a considerable level. However, this additive effect of CaCl 2 also caused the decrease in Na + level as a result of the inhibitory action of Ca 2+ to the influx of Na + to the cell. 4. NaCl caused the drastic change in Ca 2+ -ATPase mRNA of the KDML105 leaves. This effect was even greater when superimposed by CaCl 2 because both types of salt contributed to the Ca 2+ accumulation in cytoplasm. The plant, therefore, tried to eliminate the surplus of Ca 2+ by Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) 105 synthesizing more Ca 2+ -ATPase even at the lower exposed amount of 0.4 mM CaCl 2. On the other hand, Ca 2+ -ATPase mRNA in the roots of KDML105 was affected by CaCl 2 (10 mM) but not by NaCl alone. Since the roots were not the sites for Na + accumulation per se, fast transportation of Na + made the roots more stable and less likely to have high Ca 2+ -ATPase expression at lower concentration of 0.4 mM of CaCl 2. However, the high concentration of 10 mM CaCl 2 was too much to be eliminated by a mere transportation. The roots, therefore, needed to synthesize more Ca 2+ -ATPase to assist in coping with this salt stress condition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This reserch was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation (grant # 98001), and Graduate School, Kasetsart University. We would also like to thank Pathumthani Rice Research Center for supplying KDML105 cultivar, and to Soil and Fertilization Analysis Unit, Research and Experimental Greenhouse for the use of ion analysis equipment. LITERATURE CITED Ben-Hayyim, G., U. Kafkafi and R. Ganmore- Neumann. 1987. Role of internal potassium in maintaining growth of cultured Citrus cells on increasing NaCl and CaCl 2 concentrations. Plant Physiol. 85: 434-439. Binzel, M.L., P.M. Hasegawa, D. Rhodes, S. Handa, A.K. Handa and R.A. Bressan. 1987. Solute accumulation in tobacco cells adapted to NaCl. Plant Physiol. 84: 1408-1415. Bioservice Unit (BSU). 2001. Science and Technology with Thai Rice. NSTDA, Bangkok, 158 p. Chomczynski, P. and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.
106 Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159. Cramer, G.R., A. L?uchli and V.S. Polito. 1985. Displacement of Ca 2+ by Na + from the plasmalemma of root cells. Plant Physiol. 79: 207-211. Davenport, R.J., R.J. Reid and F.A. Smith. 1997. Sodium-calcium interactions in two wheat species differing in salinity tolerance. Physiologia Plantarum 99: 323-327. Garcia, A.B., E.J. de Almeida, S. Iyer, T. Gerats, M.V. Montagu and A.B. Caplan. 1997. Effects of osmoprotectants upon NaCl stress in rice. Plant Physiol. 115: 159-169. Geisler, M., N. Frangne, E. Gomes, E. Martinoia and M.G. Palmgren. 2000. The ACA4 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a vacuolar membrane calcium pump that improves salt tolerance in yeast. Plant Physiol. 124: 1814-1827. Hoagland, D.R. and I.D. Arnon. 1950. The Water- Culture Methods for Growing Plants without Soil. California Agricultural Experimental Station. Circular, 286 p. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) Marcum, K.B. 1999. Salinity tolerance mechanisms of grasses in subfamily Chloridoideae. Crop Sci. 39: 1153-1160. Moniakis, J., M.B. Coukell and A. Forer. 1995. Molecular cloning of an intracellular P-type ATPase from Dicteostelium that is upregulated in calcium-adapted cells. J. Biol.Chem. 270: 28276-28281. Niu, X., R.A. Bressan, P.M. Hasegawa and J.M. Pardo. 1995. Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environments. Plant Physiol. 109: 735-742. Osothsapa, Y. 2000. Nutrition Element of Plant. Kasetsart University, Bangkok. 424 p. Wimmers, L.E., N.N. Ewing and B.A. Bennett. 1992. Higher plant Ca 2+ - ATPase: Primary structure and regulation of mRNA abundance by salt. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89: 9205- 9209. Yokoi, S., R.A. Bressan and P.M. Hasegawa. 2002. Salt stress tolerance of plants. JIRCAS Working Rep. 25-33.
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January - March 2006 Volume 40 Numb
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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In sacco Degradation Characteristic
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2 and management practices a sorghu
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4 the greater plant height was obta
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6 at Wolenchity (Figure 3) that led
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8 Stover and aboveground biomass Co
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10 Radford, B.J., A.J. Dry, L.N. Ro
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12 At present, new cultivars with h
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14 2000), grapevine (Lavee, 2000),
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16 repeatability of FW, FLT, FLW, S
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18 (Table 5) indicating that select
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 20 -
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22 measured to define fruit shape i
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24 for higher fruit number and yiel
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28 (Table 2). The numbers of flower
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30 to the color of fruit and seed c
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32 1999. Carrots and related vegeta
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34 MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory
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36 DISCUSSION Extensive studies hav
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38 from Gossypium hirsutum. J. Inse
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40 The natural resistance of plants
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42 4. Data collection and statistic
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44 was not significantly different
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46 showed the highest yield compare
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48 Kessmann, H., T. Staub, C. Hofma
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50 There are approximately 60 comme
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52 in PBST containing 2% ovalbumin
Page 59 and 60: 54 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
Page 61 and 62: 56 Virus-free orchid plants show fa
Page 63 and 64: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 58 -
Page 65 and 66: 60 feed source was based on purchas
Page 67 and 68: 62 intake of DM, CP, ether extract
Page 69 and 70: 64 relatively slow and short. The p
Page 71 and 72: 66 week 4. Milk composition was not
Page 73 and 74: 68 Agricultural Experiment Station.
Page 75 and 76: 70 et al., 2002). In contrast to ma
Page 77 and 78: 72 level and showed marked polymorp
Page 81 and 82: 76 loam (Eutric Fluvisol) soil and
Page 83 and 84: 78 Eugenia caryophyllata, Echinops
Page 85 and 86: 80 CONCLUSION In conclusion, out of
Page 87 and 88: 82 of chromic acid titration method
Page 89 and 90: 84 initials at the time of pinning
Page 91 and 92: 86 vessels a point where the number
Page 93 and 94: 88 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
Page 95 and 96: 90 CONCLUSIONS In the investigation
Page 97 and 98: 92 1994; Strand et al., 1997). Now
Page 99 and 100: 94 The clones were grown overnight
Page 101 and 102: 96 isozymes. The copy number for nu
Page 103 and 104: 98 Helianthus annuus. Theor. Appl.
Page 105 and 106: 100 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant mat
Page 107 and 108: 102 The amount of Na + (%) 6 5 4 3
Page 109: 104 NGE, 7-16 folds). Finally, all
Page 113 and 114: 108 grown for academic purpose at N
Page 115 and 116: 110 Cluster A was further separated
Page 117 and 118: 112 Table 2 Similarity index of 19
Page 119 and 120: 114 subjected to UPGMA and resultin
Page 121 and 122: 116 Tabel 3 The similarity index of
Page 123 and 124: 118 formation as seen from phylogen
Page 125 and 126: 120 Genet. 101: 860-864. Lerceteau,
Page 127 and 128: 122 INTRODUCTION Methylotrophic yea
Page 129 and 130: 124 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Screenin
Page 131 and 132: 126 optimum temperature, insignific
Page 133 and 134: 128 medium of C. boidinii (Volfova
Page 135 and 136: 130 was observed soon after 24h cul
Page 137 and 138: 132 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
Page 139 and 140: 134 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was
Page 143 and 144: 138 Determination of enzyme activit
Page 145 and 146: 140 Table 1 Optimum and stability o
Page 147 and 148: 142 for example recombinant E. coli
Page 149 and 150: 144 were studied for β-1,3-1,4-glu
Page 151 and 152: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was s
Page 155 and 156: 150 vulcanization times were calcul
Page 157 and 158: 152 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mechanic
Page 159 and 160: 154 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
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156 blend with 0.5 phr Irganox. How
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160 (AA-680 ShiMADZU, Atomic Absorp
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162 warm, relatively shallow and hi
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164 cycle in crustacean (Chen et al
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166 Salaenoi, J. 2004. Changes of e
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168 MATERIALS AND METHODS This rese
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170 DISCUSSION The average total am
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174 repacked and scanned three time
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176 found the most in the shrimp fe
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178 PLS model The comparison betwee
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180 brix value and dry matter of ma
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182 approach to increase immunity t
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184 higher (P
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186 levels were significantly eleva
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190 currents. Zone 4: River outlet
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192 standing waters, thus the occur
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194 and moving to 59%TL in juvenile
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198 thin membrane (Figure 1A, B). T
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200 were clearly seen. The presence
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202 could change to female at 6-12
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206 water until the water became cl
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208 reported by Thu and Preston (19
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210 cavalcade hay. The crude protei
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212 CONCLUSIONS Ruminal disappeared
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214 ∅rskov, E.R. and I. McDonald.
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216 is constrained mainly due to fa
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218 SNF and fat composition in raw
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220 in terms of both manual samplin
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222 Harding, F. 1995. Compositional
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224 proteins described by Barbut an
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226 starch/flour, shaken vigorously
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228 % Stress relaxation 54 49 44 39
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230 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
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234 categories including puffed sna
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236 Cohesiveness of mass Crispness
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238 Cohesiveness of mass Sweetness
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242 3. Physicochemical properties 3
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246 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research
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248 are now becoming more and more
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250 downstream control. Lam Chae re
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254 Inflow (mcm.) Inflow (mcm.) Inf
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256 were above 0.70. The testing re
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258 1999-2000 could be used for tra
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262 we assume that r ≥ 2 and d r
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266 Figure 1 Prototype domains. num
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268 DISCUSSION Consequences indicat
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272 George, B. K. 1997. The GIS Boo
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discussed; and appropriateness of t
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LITERATURE CITED FORMAT Manuscripts
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Send application materials to Payme
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