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commercial inhibitors on soil pH which was monitored in the secondary screening experiment is shown in Table 7. Both medicinal herbs and commercial inhibitors maintained the pH of the soil at the higher level than that of the control. This is probably due to the fact that the inhbitors prevented the oxidation of NH 4-N to NO 3-N. As a Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) 79 result the production of H ions were suppressed. In a similar study, Yesuf and Vancleemput (2000) reported that inhibitor treated soils have higher pH than untreated ones. Thus, the nitrifcation inhibitors in addition to inhibiting nitrification, are also prevented the soil from acidification. Table 4 Nitrification inhibition percentage by Ethiopian traditional medicinal herbs. % Inhibition Medicinal herbs/Inhibitors Incubation periods (weeks) 2 3 Mean Artemisa afra 37c* 29c 33 Cymbopogoncitratus 30dc 8d 19 Vernonia maygdalina 19e 0 d 10 Croton macrostachyus 0e 0d 0 Ruta chalaepensis 28cd 27c 28 Thymus serpyllum 0e 0d 0 Echinops spp 40c 32c 37 Haginia abyssinica 24d 8d 16 Eugenia Carophyllata 71ab 57ab 64 Zingeber officinale 8e 12d 10 Neem(Azdiracta indica) 68b 52b 60 N-serve 75ab 63ab 70 DCD 78a 68a 73 Control - - - CV(%) 13 23 - * Means within colums followed by the different letters are significantly diferrent from each other at P< 0.05 according to DMRT. Table 5 Effect of Ethiopian medicinal herbs on the NH 4-N and NO 3-N content in Awassasoil (Eutric fluvisol) amended with ammonium sulphate and incubated for various periods of time. Incubation periods (weeks) Medicinal herbs/Inhibitors 2 3 4 2 3 4 NH 4 + -N (mg/kg) NO3-N (mg/kg) Artemis afra 78.81c* 39.12cd 34.7c 42.74b 56.09b 69.4b Echinps spp 92.17c 52.31c 39.9c 41.9b 47.31b 54.4c Eugenia caryophyllata 131.96b 102.44b 83.3b 22.39c 30.03c 38.5d N-serve 150.89a 114.25ab 93.5ab 15.73c 25.7c 35.3d DCD 156.19a 122.86a 96.3d 13.87d 23.87c 33d Control 49.23d 39.11d 20.1d 70.24a 72.39a 81a CV (%) 7.26 11.29 11.3 8.98 14.27 10.3 * Means with in colums followed by the different letters are significantly differrent from each other at P< 0.05 according to DMRT.
80 CONCLUSION In conclusion, out of Ethiopian traditional medicinal herbs tested in this experiment, three of them namely Eugenia caryophyllata, Echinops spp. and Artemisa afra were identified to be nitrification inhibitors. They were found to be effective up to the end of 4 weeks of incubation. The highest percentage nitrification inhibion was achieved at the end of 2 weeks of incubation and the least at the end of 4 weeks of incubation. Eugenia caryophyllata was ranked the best among Ethiopian traditional medicinal herbs Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) Table 6 Nitrification inhibition percentage by Ethiopian traditional medicinal herbs. Medicinal herbs/inhibitors % Inhibition Incubation periods (Weeks) 2 3 4 Artemisa afra 39c* 22b 14c Echinops spp. 43c 35b 33b Eugenia caryophyllata 68b 59a 38b N-serve 78ab 64a 56a DCD 80a 67a 59a Control - - - CV (%) 9 17 20 * Means within colums followed by the different letters are significantly different from each other at P< 0.05 according to DMRT. Table 7 Effect of nitrification inhibitors on the pH of Awassa clay loam (Eutric fluvisol) soil amended with 50 mg of ammonium sulphate and incubated at 25°C. Medicinal herbs/ Incubation periods (weeks) Inhibitors 2 3 4 Artemisa afra 6.9 6.8 6.7 Echinops spp 6.9 6.8 6.7 Eugnia caryophyllata 7.0 6.9 6.8 N-serve 7.4 7.3 6.9 DCD 7.3 7.3 7.0 Contro 6.5 6.7 6.5 Mean 7.0 6.97 6.76 SE± 0.13 0.13 0.07 and gave comparable result as that of Neem in inhibiting nitrification. However, none of the herbs out shined the commercial inhibitors. Application of both heral and commercial inhibitors together with ammonium sulphate prevented the soil from acidification compared to the soil that received ammonium sulphate alone. Thus, alcohol extracts of these herbs could be blended with ammonium containing fertilizers to increase N-use efficiency of crops. They are particulary applicable to subsistent farmers who can not afford to buy commercial inhibitors. However, further extensive laboratory and field studies are required. On the other hand, to the authors’ knowledge there has never been experience of testing and using commercial inhibitors in Ethiopia. Thus, this study proved that commercial inhibitors that are N-serve and DCD were found to be effective inhibitors. Thus, These inhibitors could be imported are used by large scale private farmers which can afford the incurred expenes. ACKNOLEDGWEMENTS The senior author would like to thank Mr. Kumsa Baissa and Mr. Abebe Abay for their unreserved support rendered to him in the course of this experiment. He is also highly indepted to Ethiopian government for sponsoring his study.
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January - March 2006 Volume 40 Numb
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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In sacco Degradation Characteristic
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2 and management practices a sorghu
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4 the greater plant height was obta
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6 at Wolenchity (Figure 3) that led
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8 Stover and aboveground biomass Co
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10 Radford, B.J., A.J. Dry, L.N. Ro
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12 At present, new cultivars with h
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14 2000), grapevine (Lavee, 2000),
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16 repeatability of FW, FLT, FLW, S
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18 (Table 5) indicating that select
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 20 -
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22 measured to define fruit shape i
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24 for higher fruit number and yiel
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Page 33 and 34: 28 (Table 2). The numbers of flower
Page 35 and 36: 30 to the color of fruit and seed c
Page 37 and 38: 32 1999. Carrots and related vegeta
Page 39 and 40: 34 MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory
Page 41 and 42: 36 DISCUSSION Extensive studies hav
Page 43 and 44: 38 from Gossypium hirsutum. J. Inse
Page 45 and 46: 40 The natural resistance of plants
Page 47 and 48: 42 4. Data collection and statistic
Page 49 and 50: 44 was not significantly different
Page 51 and 52: 46 showed the highest yield compare
Page 53 and 54: 48 Kessmann, H., T. Staub, C. Hofma
Page 55 and 56: 50 There are approximately 60 comme
Page 57 and 58: 52 in PBST containing 2% ovalbumin
Page 59 and 60: 54 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
Page 61 and 62: 56 Virus-free orchid plants show fa
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Page 65 and 66: 60 feed source was based on purchas
Page 67 and 68: 62 intake of DM, CP, ether extract
Page 69 and 70: 64 relatively slow and short. The p
Page 71 and 72: 66 week 4. Milk composition was not
Page 73 and 74: 68 Agricultural Experiment Station.
Page 75 and 76: 70 et al., 2002). In contrast to ma
Page 77 and 78: 72 level and showed marked polymorp
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Page 81 and 82: 76 loam (Eutric Fluvisol) soil and
Page 83: 78 Eugenia caryophyllata, Echinops
Page 87 and 88: 82 of chromic acid titration method
Page 89 and 90: 84 initials at the time of pinning
Page 91 and 92: 86 vessels a point where the number
Page 93 and 94: 88 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
Page 95 and 96: 90 CONCLUSIONS In the investigation
Page 97 and 98: 92 1994; Strand et al., 1997). Now
Page 99 and 100: 94 The clones were grown overnight
Page 101 and 102: 96 isozymes. The copy number for nu
Page 103 and 104: 98 Helianthus annuus. Theor. Appl.
Page 105 and 106: 100 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant mat
Page 107 and 108: 102 The amount of Na + (%) 6 5 4 3
Page 109 and 110: 104 NGE, 7-16 folds). Finally, all
Page 111 and 112: 106 Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159. Cr
Page 113 and 114: 108 grown for academic purpose at N
Page 115 and 116: 110 Cluster A was further separated
Page 117 and 118: 112 Table 2 Similarity index of 19
Page 119 and 120: 114 subjected to UPGMA and resultin
Page 121 and 122: 116 Tabel 3 The similarity index of
Page 123 and 124: 118 formation as seen from phylogen
Page 125 and 126: 120 Genet. 101: 860-864. Lerceteau,
Page 127 and 128: 122 INTRODUCTION Methylotrophic yea
Page 129 and 130: 124 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Screenin
Page 131 and 132: 126 optimum temperature, insignific
Page 133 and 134: 128 medium of C. boidinii (Volfova
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130 was observed soon after 24h cul
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132 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
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134 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was
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138 Determination of enzyme activit
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140 Table 1 Optimum and stability o
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142 for example recombinant E. coli
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144 were studied for β-1,3-1,4-glu
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146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was s
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150 vulcanization times were calcul
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152 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mechanic
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156 blend with 0.5 phr Irganox. How
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160 (AA-680 ShiMADZU, Atomic Absorp
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162 warm, relatively shallow and hi
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164 cycle in crustacean (Chen et al
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166 Salaenoi, J. 2004. Changes of e
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168 MATERIALS AND METHODS This rese
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170 DISCUSSION The average total am
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174 repacked and scanned three time
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176 found the most in the shrimp fe
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178 PLS model The comparison betwee
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180 brix value and dry matter of ma
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182 approach to increase immunity t
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184 higher (P
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186 levels were significantly eleva
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190 currents. Zone 4: River outlet
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192 standing waters, thus the occur
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194 and moving to 59%TL in juvenile
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198 thin membrane (Figure 1A, B). T
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200 were clearly seen. The presence
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202 could change to female at 6-12
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206 water until the water became cl
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208 reported by Thu and Preston (19
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210 cavalcade hay. The crude protei
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212 CONCLUSIONS Ruminal disappeared
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214 ∅rskov, E.R. and I. McDonald.
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216 is constrained mainly due to fa
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218 SNF and fat composition in raw
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220 in terms of both manual samplin
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222 Harding, F. 1995. Compositional
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224 proteins described by Barbut an
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226 starch/flour, shaken vigorously
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228 % Stress relaxation 54 49 44 39
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234 categories including puffed sna
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236 Cohesiveness of mass Crispness
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238 Cohesiveness of mass Sweetness
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242 3. Physicochemical properties 3
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246 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research
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248 are now becoming more and more
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250 downstream control. Lam Chae re
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254 Inflow (mcm.) Inflow (mcm.) Inf
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256 were above 0.70. The testing re
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258 1999-2000 could be used for tra
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262 we assume that r ≥ 2 and d r
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266 Figure 1 Prototype domains. num
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268 DISCUSSION Consequences indicat
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272 George, B. K. 1997. The GIS Boo
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discussed; and appropriateness of t
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LITERATURE CITED FORMAT Manuscripts
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PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST (see “In
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Send application materials to Payme
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