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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 167 - 171 (2006) A Comparison of Rearing Pacific White Shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) in Earthen Ponds and in Ponds Lined with Polyethylene ABSTRACT Onanong Prawitwilaikul 1 , Chalor Limsuwan 1 , Wara Taparhudee 2 * and Niti Chuchird 1 Pacific white shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei) were reared in three earthen ponds and three ponds lined with polyethylene of the same size. The larvae at post larval stage 15 were stocked at a density of 75 shrimp/m 2 . Shrimp were fed with commercial pellet feed only. The water salinity level during culturing period was 3-5 ppt. Culturing period was 112 days. The average yield in the earthen ponds was 1,470.8±61.7 kg/rai, while in the polyethylene-lined ponds was 1,737.5±208.6 kg/rai. The levels of total suspended solids and total ammonia nitrogen of earthen ponds were significantly greater than those of the polyethylene-lined ponds (P
168 MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was conducted at the private shrimp farm in Bansang district, Prachinburi province that comprised four, 3 rai reservoirs and six, 2.5 rai rearing ponds which were three earthen ponds and three high-density polyethylene lined ponds. An average depth of all the ponds was 1.50 m. Pond preparation Before culturing, all ponds were cleaned by plowing and adjusted for suitable bottom level. Lime (CaCO 3) was applied at a rate of 200 kg/rai in two ponds, while the other two ponds were lined with 0.15 mm thick high-density polyethylene sheet on the bottom and dikes. The pond water was adjusted to a salinity of 5 ppt and an application of 1 mg/l Trichlorfon removed the disease carriers such as shrimp and crab. One week later, 15 kg of molass and 20 l of superphosphate fertilizer was applied in each pond in order to promote plankton bloom. Larval stocking Prior to stocking, post larvae 15 (PL 15) proved free from Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. PL 15 were stocked at a density of 75 PL/m 2 or 120,000 PL/rai and fed a 35% protein of feed. Feed was applied four times a day and feed quantity was adjusted following Chanratchakool’s method (Chanratchakool et al., 1994). Aeration and water exchange Four long-armed paddlewheel aerators and two spiral type aerators were used in each pond. The aerators were powered by four, 11 hp diesel motors, and water exchange was started after 50 days of culture period. Water exchange was done at around 10% of pond water volume every week. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) Water quality analysis Water quality parameters i.e. temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were monitored twice (6.30-7.00 and 14.00-15.00) everyday using thermometer, pH meter (ORION Model sa520, USA) and Do Meter (YSI model 51B, USA), respectively. Water salinity, alkalinity, hardness, total ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, total suspended solids and chlorophyll a were measured every week. Water salinity and conductivity were measured with a salinometer (YSI 30/10 FT, USA). Alkalinity and hardness were tested using the Strickland and Parsons (1972) method. Total suspended solids and chlorophyll a were done following standard methods (APHA et al., 1992). Plankton Abundance and Identification Four liter of water samples were collected from each experimental pond at 30 cm depth of 2 two opposite positions at 11.00 am. Water was mixed and filtrated through a 20 µ plankton net. Then water sample was kept in a 250 ml plastic bottle and preserved with 4% formalin. Plankton identification was done following the Shirota (1996), Wongrat (1998) and Wongrat (1999) using Sedwick-Rafter counting cell. Data analysis Means and standard deviations of production, body weight gain, FCR, survival rate, production costs, water quality parameters and the amounts of plankton were calculated. Differences (P
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January - March 2006 Volume 40 Numb
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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In sacco Degradation Characteristic
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2 and management practices a sorghu
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4 the greater plant height was obta
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6 at Wolenchity (Figure 3) that led
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8 Stover and aboveground biomass Co
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10 Radford, B.J., A.J. Dry, L.N. Ro
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12 At present, new cultivars with h
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14 2000), grapevine (Lavee, 2000),
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16 repeatability of FW, FLT, FLW, S
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18 (Table 5) indicating that select
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 20 -
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22 measured to define fruit shape i
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24 for higher fruit number and yiel
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28 (Table 2). The numbers of flower
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30 to the color of fruit and seed c
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32 1999. Carrots and related vegeta
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34 MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory
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36 DISCUSSION Extensive studies hav
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38 from Gossypium hirsutum. J. Inse
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40 The natural resistance of plants
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42 4. Data collection and statistic
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44 was not significantly different
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46 showed the highest yield compare
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48 Kessmann, H., T. Staub, C. Hofma
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50 There are approximately 60 comme
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52 in PBST containing 2% ovalbumin
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54 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
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56 Virus-free orchid plants show fa
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60 feed source was based on purchas
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62 intake of DM, CP, ether extract
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64 relatively slow and short. The p
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66 week 4. Milk composition was not
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68 Agricultural Experiment Station.
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70 et al., 2002). In contrast to ma
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72 level and showed marked polymorp
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76 loam (Eutric Fluvisol) soil and
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78 Eugenia caryophyllata, Echinops
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80 CONCLUSION In conclusion, out of
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82 of chromic acid titration method
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84 initials at the time of pinning
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86 vessels a point where the number
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88 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
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90 CONCLUSIONS In the investigation
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92 1994; Strand et al., 1997). Now
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94 The clones were grown overnight
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96 isozymes. The copy number for nu
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98 Helianthus annuus. Theor. Appl.
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100 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant mat
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102 The amount of Na + (%) 6 5 4 3
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104 NGE, 7-16 folds). Finally, all
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106 Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159. Cr
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108 grown for academic purpose at N
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110 Cluster A was further separated
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112 Table 2 Similarity index of 19
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114 subjected to UPGMA and resultin
Page 121 and 122: 116 Tabel 3 The similarity index of
Page 123 and 124: 118 formation as seen from phylogen
Page 125 and 126: 120 Genet. 101: 860-864. Lerceteau,
Page 127 and 128: 122 INTRODUCTION Methylotrophic yea
Page 129 and 130: 124 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Screenin
Page 131 and 132: 126 optimum temperature, insignific
Page 133 and 134: 128 medium of C. boidinii (Volfova
Page 135 and 136: 130 was observed soon after 24h cul
Page 137 and 138: 132 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
Page 139 and 140: 134 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was
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Page 143 and 144: 138 Determination of enzyme activit
Page 145 and 146: 140 Table 1 Optimum and stability o
Page 147 and 148: 142 for example recombinant E. coli
Page 149 and 150: 144 were studied for β-1,3-1,4-glu
Page 151 and 152: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was s
Page 155 and 156: 150 vulcanization times were calcul
Page 157 and 158: 152 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mechanic
Page 159 and 160: 154 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
Page 161 and 162: 156 blend with 0.5 phr Irganox. How
Page 165 and 166: 160 (AA-680 ShiMADZU, Atomic Absorp
Page 167 and 168: 162 warm, relatively shallow and hi
Page 169 and 170: 164 cycle in crustacean (Chen et al
Page 171: 166 Salaenoi, J. 2004. Changes of e
Page 175 and 176: 170 DISCUSSION The average total am
Page 179 and 180: 174 repacked and scanned three time
Page 181 and 182: 176 found the most in the shrimp fe
Page 183 and 184: 178 PLS model The comparison betwee
Page 185 and 186: 180 brix value and dry matter of ma
Page 187 and 188: 182 approach to increase immunity t
Page 189 and 190: 184 higher (P
Page 191 and 192: 186 levels were significantly eleva
Page 195 and 196: 190 currents. Zone 4: River outlet
Page 197 and 198: 192 standing waters, thus the occur
Page 199 and 200: 194 and moving to 59%TL in juvenile
Page 203 and 204: 198 thin membrane (Figure 1A, B). T
Page 205 and 206: 200 were clearly seen. The presence
Page 207 and 208: 202 could change to female at 6-12
Page 211 and 212: 206 water until the water became cl
Page 213 and 214: 208 reported by Thu and Preston (19
Page 215 and 216: 210 cavalcade hay. The crude protei
Page 217 and 218: 212 CONCLUSIONS Ruminal disappeared
Page 219 and 220: 214 ∅rskov, E.R. and I. McDonald.
Page 221 and 222: 216 is constrained mainly due to fa
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218 SNF and fat composition in raw
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220 in terms of both manual samplin
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222 Harding, F. 1995. Compositional
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224 proteins described by Barbut an
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226 starch/flour, shaken vigorously
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228 % Stress relaxation 54 49 44 39
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230 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
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234 categories including puffed sna
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236 Cohesiveness of mass Crispness
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238 Cohesiveness of mass Sweetness
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242 3. Physicochemical properties 3
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246 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research
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248 are now becoming more and more
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250 downstream control. Lam Chae re
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254 Inflow (mcm.) Inflow (mcm.) Inf
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256 were above 0.70. The testing re
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258 1999-2000 could be used for tra
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262 we assume that r ≥ 2 and d r
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266 Figure 1 Prototype domains. num
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268 DISCUSSION Consequences indicat
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272 George, B. K. 1997. The GIS Boo
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discussed; and appropriateness of t
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LITERATURE CITED FORMAT Manuscripts
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