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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors would like to thank the Thai National Research Institute for supporting the fund. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 2001. HDPE line pond farm technology. Technical Breakthrough for Enhanced Consistent production in Tiger Prawn Farming in Asia. Available source : http://www.todayaque.com/HDPE (frontpate), May 7,2003. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF). 1992. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 18 th ed. American Public health Association, Washington, D.C. Boddeke, R. 1983. Survival strategies of Penaeid shrimps and their significance for shrimp culture, pp.514-523. In G.L. Rogers, R. day and A. Lim (eds.). Proceeding of the First International Conference on Warm Water Aquaculture-Crustacea. Brigham Young University Haweii Campus, Laie, HI. Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture. Alabama, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. Chanratchakool, P., J.F. Turnbull and C. Limsuwan. 1994. Health Management in Shrimp Ponds. Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Kasetsart University campus, Bangkok. Kiertpinyo, P. 2001. Practical Technology for Litopenaeus vannamei Culture. Muang Kaset Magazine publishing, SamutPrakarn. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) 171 López M., C. Adams, J.C. Cato and D. Sweat. 2002. Cost and Returns Budgets for an Intensive Zero Water-Exchange Shrimp Culture Demonstration Project in Nicaragua, 2001. Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Moss, S.M. 1995. Production of growth-enhancing particles in a plastic-lined shrimp pond. Aaquculture 132: 253-260. Motoh, H. 1981. Studies on the Fisheries Biology of the Giant Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon in the Phillipines. Aquaculture Department. Southeast Fisheries Department Centre. Tigbauan, Iloilo. Pruder, G.D., E. O. Duerr, W. A. Walsh, A. L. Lawrence and W. A. Bray. 1992. The technical feasibility of pond liners or rearing Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in terms of survival growth, water exchange rate and effluent water quality. Aquacultural engineering 11(3): 183-201. Shirota, A. 1996. The Plankton of South Vietnam: Freshwater and Marine Plankton. OTCA, Japan. Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons. 1972. A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. Wassenberg, T.J. and B.J. Hill. 1994. Laboratory study of the effect of light on the emergence behavior of eight species of commercially important adult penaeid prawn. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 1: 43-50. Wongrat, L. 1998. Zooplankton. Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. 787p. Wongrat, L. 1999. Phytoplankton. Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. 851p.
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 172 - 180 (2006) Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Predict Crude Protein in Shrimp Feed Jirawan Maneerot 1 , Anupun Terdwongworakul 2 *, Warunee Tanaphase 3 and Nunthiya Unprasert 4 ABSTRACT The preliminary study of using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict crude protein in shrimp feed was carried out. The calibration set of 41 shrimp feed samples was laboratorily prepared against the validation set of 39 samples with similar distribution for the chemical content. The samples were scanned for the NIR spectra in the wavelength region of 1100 nm to 2500 nm. Both multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least square regression (PLS) were performed to analyze data to create the best calibration equations. The results indicated that absorbances at wavelengths of 1686 nm, 1778 nm and 2486 nm were related with protein in the samples. At 1686 nm the absorbance was found to coincide with that of protein analytically found the most in the prepared shrimp feed. Following the use of wavelengths selected in MLR for constraining the wavelength region as input to PLS, the calibration equations were shown to improve in prediction accuracy. Key words: near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), protein, shrimp feed INTRODUCTION Aquatic animals are those of economic animals which earn a large amount of exporting incomes to Thailand. Thailand was the world number one in exporting aquatic animals particularly shrimp in 1992. Since 1988, shrimp farms have been expanded by 90% (Fishery Economics Division, 2002). In shrimp farming the feed accounts is the main cost accounting for 70-80% of the total investment. The feed as a result has been produced in an increasing amount every year. Since there are a large number of shrimp feed products available in the market, the quality control must be exercised to standardize the feed quality by the concerned authority. In quality control of aquatic animal feed, the chemical analyses must be applied inevitably. The analyses have to be carried out in laboratory rooms using a number of instruments and both local and imported chemicals. The results obtained are accurate and internationally accepted but the analyses take time, need a lot of spending and employ several personnel. Besides the waste from the laboratory room is regarded as pollutants. 1 Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. 2 Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand. 3 Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro - Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI) ::Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. 4 Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Coorperatives, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. * Corresponding author, e-mail: fengant@ku.ac.th Received date : 14/06/05 Accepted date : 08/12/05
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January - March 2006 Volume 40 Numb
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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In sacco Degradation Characteristic
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2 and management practices a sorghu
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4 the greater plant height was obta
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6 at Wolenchity (Figure 3) that led
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8 Stover and aboveground biomass Co
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10 Radford, B.J., A.J. Dry, L.N. Ro
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12 At present, new cultivars with h
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14 2000), grapevine (Lavee, 2000),
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16 repeatability of FW, FLT, FLW, S
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18 (Table 5) indicating that select
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 20 -
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22 measured to define fruit shape i
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24 for higher fruit number and yiel
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28 (Table 2). The numbers of flower
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30 to the color of fruit and seed c
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32 1999. Carrots and related vegeta
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34 MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory
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36 DISCUSSION Extensive studies hav
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38 from Gossypium hirsutum. J. Inse
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40 The natural resistance of plants
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42 4. Data collection and statistic
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44 was not significantly different
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46 showed the highest yield compare
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48 Kessmann, H., T. Staub, C. Hofma
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50 There are approximately 60 comme
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52 in PBST containing 2% ovalbumin
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54 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
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56 Virus-free orchid plants show fa
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60 feed source was based on purchas
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62 intake of DM, CP, ether extract
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64 relatively slow and short. The p
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66 week 4. Milk composition was not
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68 Agricultural Experiment Station.
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70 et al., 2002). In contrast to ma
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72 level and showed marked polymorp
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76 loam (Eutric Fluvisol) soil and
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78 Eugenia caryophyllata, Echinops
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80 CONCLUSION In conclusion, out of
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82 of chromic acid titration method
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84 initials at the time of pinning
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86 vessels a point where the number
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88 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
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90 CONCLUSIONS In the investigation
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92 1994; Strand et al., 1997). Now
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94 The clones were grown overnight
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96 isozymes. The copy number for nu
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98 Helianthus annuus. Theor. Appl.
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100 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant mat
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102 The amount of Na + (%) 6 5 4 3
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104 NGE, 7-16 folds). Finally, all
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106 Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159. Cr
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108 grown for academic purpose at N
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110 Cluster A was further separated
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112 Table 2 Similarity index of 19
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114 subjected to UPGMA and resultin
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116 Tabel 3 The similarity index of
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118 formation as seen from phylogen
Page 125 and 126: 120 Genet. 101: 860-864. Lerceteau,
Page 127 and 128: 122 INTRODUCTION Methylotrophic yea
Page 129 and 130: 124 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Screenin
Page 131 and 132: 126 optimum temperature, insignific
Page 133 and 134: 128 medium of C. boidinii (Volfova
Page 135 and 136: 130 was observed soon after 24h cul
Page 137 and 138: 132 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
Page 139 and 140: 134 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was
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Page 143 and 144: 138 Determination of enzyme activit
Page 145 and 146: 140 Table 1 Optimum and stability o
Page 147 and 148: 142 for example recombinant E. coli
Page 149 and 150: 144 were studied for β-1,3-1,4-glu
Page 151 and 152: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was s
Page 155 and 156: 150 vulcanization times were calcul
Page 157 and 158: 152 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mechanic
Page 159 and 160: 154 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
Page 161 and 162: 156 blend with 0.5 phr Irganox. How
Page 165 and 166: 160 (AA-680 ShiMADZU, Atomic Absorp
Page 167 and 168: 162 warm, relatively shallow and hi
Page 169 and 170: 164 cycle in crustacean (Chen et al
Page 171 and 172: 166 Salaenoi, J. 2004. Changes of e
Page 173 and 174: 168 MATERIALS AND METHODS This rese
Page 175: 170 DISCUSSION The average total am
Page 179 and 180: 174 repacked and scanned three time
Page 181 and 182: 176 found the most in the shrimp fe
Page 183 and 184: 178 PLS model The comparison betwee
Page 185 and 186: 180 brix value and dry matter of ma
Page 187 and 188: 182 approach to increase immunity t
Page 189 and 190: 184 higher (P
Page 191 and 192: 186 levels were significantly eleva
Page 195 and 196: 190 currents. Zone 4: River outlet
Page 197 and 198: 192 standing waters, thus the occur
Page 199 and 200: 194 and moving to 59%TL in juvenile
Page 203 and 204: 198 thin membrane (Figure 1A, B). T
Page 205 and 206: 200 were clearly seen. The presence
Page 207 and 208: 202 could change to female at 6-12
Page 211 and 212: 206 water until the water became cl
Page 213 and 214: 208 reported by Thu and Preston (19
Page 215 and 216: 210 cavalcade hay. The crude protei
Page 217 and 218: 212 CONCLUSIONS Ruminal disappeared
Page 219 and 220: 214 ∅rskov, E.R. and I. McDonald.
Page 221 and 222: 216 is constrained mainly due to fa
Page 223 and 224: 218 SNF and fat composition in raw
Page 225 and 226: 220 in terms of both manual samplin
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222 Harding, F. 1995. Compositional
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224 proteins described by Barbut an
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226 starch/flour, shaken vigorously
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228 % Stress relaxation 54 49 44 39
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230 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
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234 categories including puffed sna
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236 Cohesiveness of mass Crispness
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238 Cohesiveness of mass Sweetness
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242 3. Physicochemical properties 3
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246 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research
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248 are now becoming more and more
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250 downstream control. Lam Chae re
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254 Inflow (mcm.) Inflow (mcm.) Inf
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256 were above 0.70. The testing re
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258 1999-2000 could be used for tra
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262 we assume that r ≥ 2 and d r
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266 Figure 1 Prototype domains. num
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268 DISCUSSION Consequences indicat
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272 George, B. K. 1997. The GIS Boo
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discussed; and appropriateness of t
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LITERATURE CITED FORMAT Manuscripts
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PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST (see “In
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