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CONCLUSION The RAPD and RFLP were used to identify nineteen species of Cycas. In the RAPD study, only five primers, i.e., OPB-1, OPB-8, OPB- 14, OPB-15 and OPB-17 were found to give polymorphic band patterns. RAPD data were subjected to UPGMA and analysis was done by using NTSYS-pc (version 1.8). The similarity index revealed that the species relationships fell in the range of 0.816-0.516. The dendrogram separated nineteen Cycas species into two clusters A and B. Cluster A comprised all ten Thailand species of C. chamaoensis, C. macrocapa, C. pectinata, C. clivicola, C. siamensis, C. simplicipinna, C. litoralis, C. pranburiensis, C. tansachana, C. nongnoochiae as well as C. micholitzii, C. seemannii, C. edentata and C. wadei from other countries. Cluster B comprised of C. bougainvilleana, C. nathorstii, C. chevalieri, C. parvulus and C. diannanensis all of which are from other countries. The phylogenetic tree of RAPD seems to show good correlation with geographical distribution. For RFLP, three probes were synthesized from 5S rRNA gene, 5S rRNA repeat unit gene and 18S rRNA gene. The probes were hybridized with genomic DNA of all nineteen species of Cycas which had been digested with restriction enzyme BamHI, EcoRI and Dra I. RFLP data were subjected to UPGMA and analysis was done by using NTSYS-pc (version 1.8). The similarity index showed that the species relationships fell in the range of 1.0-0.595. The constructed dendrogram also separated them into two clusters A and B. Cluster A comprised of C. chamaoensis, C. pectinata, C. bougainvilleana, C. macrocapa, C. clivicola, C. simplicipinna, C. edentata, C. litoralis, C. nathorstii, C. wadei, C. chevalieri, C. parvulus, C. diannanensis and C. seemannii. Cluster B comprised of C. micholitzii, C. siamensis, C. tansachana and C. nongnoochiae while C. pranburiensis was not found to relate to Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) 119 eighteen other species and was considered an outgroup. The distribution of nineteen Cycas species within the dendrogram of RFLP has no apparent relation with the geographical origin but more related to their morphological characteristics. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was financially supported by Kasetsart University Research and Development Institution, Grant No 22.5.4.1. We would like to thank Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden for providing specimen to use in this work. LITERATURE CITED Ahmad, F. 1999. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis reveals genetic relationships among the annual Cicer species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 657-663. Anamthawat-Jonsson, K. and K.S. Bodvarsdottir. 2001. Genomic and genetic relationships among species of Leymus (Poaceae:Triticeae) inferred from 18S-26S ribosomal gene. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 553-559. Caputo, P., C. Marquis, T. Wurtzel, D. Stevenson and T.E. Wurtzel. 1993. Molecular biology in Cycad systematic, pp. 213-219. In D.W. Stevenson and K.J. Norstog (eds.). Proceedings of CYCAD 90, the Second International Conference on Cycad Biology. Palm & Cycad Societies of Australia, Milton, Queensland. Dettori, T.M. and A.M. Palombi. 2000. Identification of Feijoa sellowiana Berg accession by RAPD marker. Scienta Horticulturae 86: 276-290. Doyle, J.J. and J.L. Doyle. 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12: 12-15. Garcia-Mas, J., M. Oliver, H. Gomez-Paniagua and M.C. de Vicente. 2000. Comparing AFLP, RAPD and RFLP markers for measuring genetic diversity in melon. Theor. Appl.
120 Genet. 101: 860-864. Lerceteau, E., T. Robert, V. Petiar and D. Crouzillat. 1997. Evolution of the extent of genetic variability among Theobroma cacao accessions using RAPD and RFLP marker. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95: 10-19. Nicolosi, E., N.Z. Deng, A. Genetile, La S. Malfa, G. Continella and E. Tribuloto. 2000. Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular marker. Theor. Appl. Genet. 100: 115-116. Nei, M. and W.H. Li. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonuclease. PNAS. 79: 5269- 5273. Pu, H. and W. Chiu. 1990. Genetic variation in Cycas section Stangerioides using anchored microsatellite primers, pp. 334-344. In C.J. Chen (ed.). Proceeding of the Fourth International Conference on Cycad Biology (Panzhihua, China). International Academic Publishers, Beijing. Roger. S.O. and A.J. Bendich. 1987. Ribosomal RNA genes in plants variability in copy Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) number and in the intergenic spacer. Plant Mol. Biol. 9: 509-520. Stevenson, D.W. 1992. A formal classification of the extant Cycad. Brittonia 44: 220-223. Sun, C.Q., X.K. Wang, Z.C. Li, A. Yashimura and N. Iwana. 2001. Comparison of the genetic diversity of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Grif f.) and cutivated rice (O.sativa L.) using RFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102: 157-162. Wang, D.Y. 1996. Taxonomy, pp 1-142 In F.X. Wang and H.L. Liang (eds.). Cycad in China. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou. Williams, G.K.J., R.A. Kubelik, J.K. Livak, A.J. Rafalski and V.S. Tingey. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acid Research 18: 6531-6535. Yang, S. and A.W. Meerow. 1996. The Cycas pectinata (Cycadaceae) complex:Genetic structure and gene flow. Int. J. Plant Sci. 157: 468-483.
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January - March 2006 Volume 40 Numb
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KASETSART JOURNAL NATURAL SCIENCE T
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In sacco Degradation Characteristic
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2 and management practices a sorghu
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4 the greater plant height was obta
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6 at Wolenchity (Figure 3) that led
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8 Stover and aboveground biomass Co
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10 Radford, B.J., A.J. Dry, L.N. Ro
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12 At present, new cultivars with h
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14 2000), grapevine (Lavee, 2000),
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16 repeatability of FW, FLT, FLW, S
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18 (Table 5) indicating that select
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Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 20 -
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22 measured to define fruit shape i
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24 for higher fruit number and yiel
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28 (Table 2). The numbers of flower
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30 to the color of fruit and seed c
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32 1999. Carrots and related vegeta
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34 MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory
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36 DISCUSSION Extensive studies hav
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38 from Gossypium hirsutum. J. Inse
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40 The natural resistance of plants
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42 4. Data collection and statistic
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44 was not significantly different
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46 showed the highest yield compare
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48 Kessmann, H., T. Staub, C. Hofma
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50 There are approximately 60 comme
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52 in PBST containing 2% ovalbumin
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54 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
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56 Virus-free orchid plants show fa
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60 feed source was based on purchas
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62 intake of DM, CP, ether extract
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64 relatively slow and short. The p
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66 week 4. Milk composition was not
Page 73 and 74: 68 Agricultural Experiment Station.
Page 75 and 76: 70 et al., 2002). In contrast to ma
Page 77 and 78: 72 level and showed marked polymorp
Page 79 and 80: Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 : 74 -
Page 81 and 82: 76 loam (Eutric Fluvisol) soil and
Page 83 and 84: 78 Eugenia caryophyllata, Echinops
Page 85 and 86: 80 CONCLUSION In conclusion, out of
Page 87 and 88: 82 of chromic acid titration method
Page 89 and 90: 84 initials at the time of pinning
Page 91 and 92: 86 vessels a point where the number
Page 93 and 94: 88 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1) T
Page 95 and 96: 90 CONCLUSIONS In the investigation
Page 97 and 98: 92 1994; Strand et al., 1997). Now
Page 99 and 100: 94 The clones were grown overnight
Page 101 and 102: 96 isozymes. The copy number for nu
Page 103 and 104: 98 Helianthus annuus. Theor. Appl.
Page 105 and 106: 100 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant mat
Page 107 and 108: 102 The amount of Na + (%) 6 5 4 3
Page 109 and 110: 104 NGE, 7-16 folds). Finally, all
Page 111 and 112: 106 Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159. Cr
Page 113 and 114: 108 grown for academic purpose at N
Page 115 and 116: 110 Cluster A was further separated
Page 117 and 118: 112 Table 2 Similarity index of 19
Page 119 and 120: 114 subjected to UPGMA and resultin
Page 121 and 122: 116 Tabel 3 The similarity index of
Page 123: 118 formation as seen from phylogen
Page 127 and 128: 122 INTRODUCTION Methylotrophic yea
Page 129 and 130: 124 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Screenin
Page 131 and 132: 126 optimum temperature, insignific
Page 133 and 134: 128 medium of C. boidinii (Volfova
Page 135 and 136: 130 was observed soon after 24h cul
Page 137 and 138: 132 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
Page 139 and 140: 134 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was
Page 143 and 144: 138 Determination of enzyme activit
Page 145 and 146: 140 Table 1 Optimum and stability o
Page 147 and 148: 142 for example recombinant E. coli
Page 149 and 150: 144 were studied for β-1,3-1,4-glu
Page 151 and 152: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was s
Page 155 and 156: 150 vulcanization times were calcul
Page 157 and 158: 152 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mechanic
Page 159 and 160: 154 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
Page 161 and 162: 156 blend with 0.5 phr Irganox. How
Page 165 and 166: 160 (AA-680 ShiMADZU, Atomic Absorp
Page 167 and 168: 162 warm, relatively shallow and hi
Page 169 and 170: 164 cycle in crustacean (Chen et al
Page 171 and 172: 166 Salaenoi, J. 2004. Changes of e
Page 173 and 174: 168 MATERIALS AND METHODS This rese
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170 DISCUSSION The average total am
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174 repacked and scanned three time
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176 found the most in the shrimp fe
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178 PLS model The comparison betwee
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180 brix value and dry matter of ma
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182 approach to increase immunity t
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184 higher (P
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186 levels were significantly eleva
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190 currents. Zone 4: River outlet
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192 standing waters, thus the occur
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194 and moving to 59%TL in juvenile
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198 thin membrane (Figure 1A, B). T
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200 were clearly seen. The presence
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202 could change to female at 6-12
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206 water until the water became cl
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208 reported by Thu and Preston (19
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210 cavalcade hay. The crude protei
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212 CONCLUSIONS Ruminal disappeared
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214 ∅rskov, E.R. and I. McDonald.
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216 is constrained mainly due to fa
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218 SNF and fat composition in raw
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220 in terms of both manual samplin
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222 Harding, F. 1995. Compositional
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224 proteins described by Barbut an
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226 starch/flour, shaken vigorously
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228 % Stress relaxation 54 49 44 39
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230 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40(1)
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234 categories including puffed sna
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236 Cohesiveness of mass Crispness
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238 Cohesiveness of mass Sweetness
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242 3. Physicochemical properties 3
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246 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research
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248 are now becoming more and more
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250 downstream control. Lam Chae re
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254 Inflow (mcm.) Inflow (mcm.) Inf
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256 were above 0.70. The testing re
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258 1999-2000 could be used for tra
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262 we assume that r ≥ 2 and d r
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266 Figure 1 Prototype domains. num
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268 DISCUSSION Consequences indicat
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272 George, B. K. 1997. The GIS Boo
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discussed; and appropriateness of t
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LITERATURE CITED FORMAT Manuscripts
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