The Marines, Counterinsurgency, and Strategic Culture

34 Chapter 1
4. Booth, “Concept of Strategic Culture,” 123. A quintessential example of the
rational- actor paradigm is provided in Mearsheimer, “Anarchy and the Struggle
for Power,” 50–60.
5. See Waltz, “Anarchic Structure of World Politics,” 29–49.
6. Booth, “Concept of Strategic Culture,” 123.
7. Gray, “Out of the Wilderness,” 227.
8. Johnson, “Conclusion: Toward a Standard,” 243.
9. Johnston, “Thinking about Strategic Culture,” 32–64; Glenn, “Realism versus
Strategic Culture”; Greathouse, “Examining the Role.”
10. Bloomfield, “Time to Move On”; Greathouse, “Examining the Role.”
11. Haglund, “What Good Is Strategic Culture?”
12. An exception is Meyer’s work on the European Union as a superstate structure:
“Purpose and Pitfalls,” 669–90; “European Strategic Culture?,” 523–49.
13. A nice exception is Long, “Al Qaeda Strategic Culture?”
14. Porter, Military Orientalism.
15. Gray, “British and American Strategic Cultures,” 37. See also Gray, “Irregular
Enemies.”
16. Bloomfield, “Time to Move On.”
17. Berger, “Norms, Identity, and National Security,” 317–56; Berger, Cultures
of Antimilitarism; Legro, “Whence American Internationalism.” Theo Farrell
agrees that external shocks are one likely source of change but argues that
“norms entrepreneurs” must be present and prepared to take advantage of the
mood for change in order for lasting shifts in doctrine to occur. Farrell, Norms
of War, 12–15.
18. Schivelbusch, Culture of Defeat; Eisenstadt and Pollack, “Armies of Snow,”
549–78; Dalgaard- Nielsen, “Test of Strategic Culture,” 347.
19. Twomey, “Lacunae in the Study of Culture,” 338–57.
20. Gray, Perspectives on Strategy, 98.
21. Mead, Special Providence, xvii.
22. Heuser, Nuclear Mentalities?
23. Feng, “Dragon on Defense,” 171–88.
24. Jones, “India’s Strategic Culture,” 117–36.
25. Molavi, Soul of Iran.
26. Lee, “Geopolitics of America’s Strategic Culture.”
27. Gray, Perspectives on Strategy, 98.
28. Johnson and Berrett, “Cultural Topography,” 2.
29. United States Army, Field Manual on Stability Operations, vi.
30. Dalgaard- Nielsen, “Test of Strategic Culture,” 342.
31. Thomas Mahnken’s work is a nice exception: “U.S. Strategic and Organizational
Subcultures.”
32. Avruch, Culture and Conflict Resolution, 15.
33. Michael Burnham, “Anonymity Catalyzes Radicalization among Internet Community,”
paper prepared for “PS: 4890 Strategic Culture,” Utah State University,
with the support of the Cultural Intelligence Institute, May 2011.