Pre-Colombian Jamaica: Caribbean Archeology and Ethnohistory

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Conclusion / 133 the island in relation to the Montego Bay sites, now being reexamined by Ivor Conolley. With the accumulation of more, and better, published data, it may be possible to address more general or theoretical questions, such as the number of “Indian tribes” on the island, and what this designation might mean, socially and even linguistically. General frameworks for the study of prehistory in the Caribbean are changing, and Jamaican prehistorians should be part of this movement of change, rather than being merely swept along by it. A great deal of quantitative information has been presented here on the 265 sites so carefully mapped by James Lee. That was a lifetime’s work, and full advantage should be taken of it. The data have been summarized and limited statistics have been derived from them, but there is more that could be done. Even if it is clear that the sites may represent no more than the “pick of the bunch,” a GIS analysis could be undertaken, which would have even a predictive value. The patterns inherent in the data have not yet been fully explored. Without even the need for new excavations, there is much that can and should be done to study and publish material already excavated. In this respect, attention has been drawn to the artifacts previously kept at the White Marl museum, and now stored at the JNHT, both from Howard’s excavations at White Marl and from Vanderwal’s excavations at various sites in the island. A beginning has been made on the analysis of the material ascribed to the Montego Bay variant, at Hartfield and Fairfield, but a great deal more could be done, with existing resources. The presently stored material includes not only artifacts but also human and animal remains. It is regrettable that since the 1890s, with the exception of one article by Harper concerning Cambridge Hill cave, there has been practically no professional study done of the human skeletal material excavated from Jamaican sites. Even Cambridge Hill was not studied exhaustively. With the right professional help, and appropriate financial resources, it would not be too difficult to fill this gap, and Jamaica would benefit by it. Elizabeth Rega’s studies at Somerville cave point the way. With regard to the animal remains, the country needs at least one locally trained specialist who could handle this aspect. At the moment, faunal remains have to be studied elsewhere, and while our colleagues do an excellent job, and have first- class comparative material, there should be some long- term qualified local input. As demonstrated recently in the Annotto Bay area, faunal preservation at Jamaican prehistoric sites is astonishingly good, and full advantage should be taken of that fact. Apart from the study and publication of material, Jamaica’s cultural institutions also have a duty of care and preservation of existing monuments and sites on the island. Lee was particularly proud of his role in relocating, and then in
134 / Chapter 11. purchasing and fencing, the Pre- Columbian rock art site of Mountain River Cave. But as he pointed out, many other such sites on the island have been damaged by vandalism. They include Warminster, described by him as the largest and best remaining group of petroglyphs on the island. That site has recently been restored, and careful examination has revealed the presence of no less than 62 figures, some of them quite unusual in the Jamaican and Caribbean context. Elsewhere, the motifs depicted have a general Caribbean resonance, for example the “shrouded human bodies” detected by Duerden at Mountain River Cave in comparison with Roe’s “wrapped ancestors” in Puerto Rico. At all events, these images are both an eloquent testimony to the beliefs and skills of Jamaica’s Pre- Columbian people, and a reminder that Jamaican prehistory belongs in a wider Caribbean world. They need to be protected. Let us hope then that the achievements of Lee and others in the field of Jamaican prehistory will be equaled by their successors. In many respects, the foundations have been well laid, but so much more remains to be done.
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PRE-COLUMBIAN JAMAICA
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PRE- COLUMBIAN JAMAICA P. ALLSWORTH
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Contents List of Illustrations vii
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viii / Illustrations 16. Sketch pla
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Acknowledgments The principal fundi
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The Lee Collection CD- ROM Inventor
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1 / Introduction This book on Pre-
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Introduction / 3 4 considers the en
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Introduction / 5 vides general info
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Introduction / 7 6. Bones and shell
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History of Investigation / 9 be wha
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History of Investigation / 11 sible
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History of Investigation / 13 riod
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History of Investigation / 15 build
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History of Investigation / 17 Vande
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Table 1. Sites Excavated by Vanderw
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History of Investigation / 21 As he
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History of Investigation / 23 Recen
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History of Investigation / 25 metri
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History of Investigation / 27 char
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History of Investigation / 29 jug w
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History of Investigation / 31 erate
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Frameworks for Caribbean Prehistory
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Environment, Fauna, and Flora / 47
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5 / Nature of the Collection The si
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Nature of the Collection / 63 Figur
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Nature of the Collection / 65 Figur
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Nature of the Collection / 67 in th
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Figure 12. Stone artifacts. S2 Dove
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Figure 14. Stone, shell, and earthe
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Nature of the Collection / 73 beads
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6 / Mapping the Sites James Lee com
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Figure 16. Sketch plan of Round Hil
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Mapping the Sites / 79 Figure 17. A
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Figure 18. Elevation and distance f
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Page 102 and 103: Cultural Variants / 85 Figure 20. R
Page 104 and 105: Cultural Variants / 87 ent, and if
Page 106 and 107: Cultural Variants / 89 predominant
Page 108 and 109: Cultural Variants / 91 Figure 23. F
Page 110 and 111: Cultural Variants / 93 Figure 24. T
Page 112 and 113: Cultural Variants / 95 far the only
Page 114 and 115: Cultural Variants / 97 (Howard 1950
Page 116 and 117: Cultural Variants / 99 Table 6. Six
Page 118 and 119: Cultural Variants / 101 Table 8. Ca
Page 120 and 121: Cultural Variants / 103 Table 9. Ja
Page 122 and 123: Petroglyphs and Pictographs / 105 a
Page 124 and 125: Petroglyphs and Pictographs / 107 h
Page 126 and 127: Petroglyphs and Pictographs / 109 c
Page 128 and 129: 9 / Excavated Sites and Fauna Excav
Page 130 and 131: Excavated Sites and Fauna / 113 Ver
Page 132 and 133: Excavated Sites and Fauna / 115 At
Page 134 and 135: Excavated Sites and Fauna / 117 Aud
Page 136 and 137: Excavated Sites and Fauna / 119 Tab
Page 138 and 139: Excavated Sites and Fauna / 121 dae
Page 140 and 141: Excavated Sites and Fauna / 123 Fig
Page 142 and 143: Burials and Human Remains / 125 Blu
Page 144 and 145: Burials and Human Remains / 127 Tab
Page 146 and 147: Table 13. Identified Human Bones in
Page 148 and 149: Burials and Human Remains / 131 dep
Page 152 and 153: Appendix A List of Principal Excava
Page 154 and 155: Principal Excavated Sites in Jamaic
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Principal Excavated Sites in Jamaic
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Table 23. Comparison of Faunal Rema
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Table 25. Rodney’s House (S5) Ver
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A23 York Castle A24 Moneague A25 Oc
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192 / Appendix B. M6 Gibb’s Run S
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Appendix C List of Appendixes in th
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Appendixes in the CD- ROM / 197 Fau
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200 / Appendix D. CONTENTS Page Lis
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202 / Appendix D. Plate IV. Images,
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204 / Appendix D. The Curator of th
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206 / Appendix D. While this accoun
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208 / Appendix D. indicative of Eur
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210 / Appendix D. Helix acuta, Lamk
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212 / Appendix D. At Stewart Castle
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214 / Appendix D. unknown in the ot
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Fig. V. Modern glass phial, from No
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218 / Appendix D. [Since this was w
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220 / Appendix D. Massachusetts, Lo
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222 / Appendix D. often still unite
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224 / Appendix D. The surface of th
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226 / Appendix D. beads made of a k
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228 / Appendix D. mounds, the super
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230 / Appendix D. with a rich soil
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232 / Appendix D. pottery was found
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234 / Appendix D. Belle Vue. On the
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236 / Appendix D. Association at it
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Plate Ia. Crania of aborigines of J
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240 / Appendix D. The average upper
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242 / Appendix D. larger than suffi
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244 / Appendix D. of a canoe, one p
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246 / Appendix D. Botany Bay Cave.
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248 / Appendix D. ering the account
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250 / Appendix D. by him; they are
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252 / Appendix D. CHAPTER III IMPLE
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Fig. VII. Spindleshaped implement,
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256 / Appendix D. Fig. IX. [Listed
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258 / Appendix D. In Porto Rico and
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260 / Appendix D. The “Latimer Co
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262 / Appendix D. volcanic rock, so
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264 / Appendix D. Fig. X. Ornamenta
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266 / Appendix D. British Guiana Of
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268 / Appendix D. limestone rocks i
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Fig. XII. Wooden carving in the “
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272 / Appendix D. cipal amulet is o
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274 / Appendix D. the varieties are
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276 / Appendix D. Plate V. Pottery
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278 / Appendix D. CHAPTER VII ROCK-
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Plate VI. Richmond Hill, Vere, Dryl
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282 / Appendix D. incisions, produc
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Plate VII. Rock- Carvings at Mounta
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286 / Appendix D. 1875. Bancroft, H
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288 / References Cited Alegría, R.
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290 / References Cited 2004 Zooarch
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292 / References Cited Deagan, K. 1
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294 / References Cited Gray, C. R.
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296 / References Cited Jones, A. R.
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298 / References Cited national Con
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300 / References Cited Oliver, W. L
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302 / References Cited Roe, P. G.,
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304 / References Cited Stewart, R.
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306 / References Cited Warmke, G. L
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Index Aarons, G. A., 107, 172 Abing
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Cedros, 35 Cedrosan Saladoid, 35, 3
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Green Wall (012), 73, 92 Grenada, 2
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stones, 67, 73; sharpening stones,
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Potoo Hole (Clarendon) (CC22), 23-2
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Tibes (Puerto Rico), 130 time- spac
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Pre-Colombian Jamaica: Caribbean Archeology and Ethnohistory

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