24 Maurice FitzGerald position. It was now ready to take on the responsibilities and face the challenges that would inevitably present themselves. Indisputably, the EEC was central to this set <strong>of</strong> changes, Ireland experiencing a reformation in its outlook and, in time, how it is itself perceived. Slowly but surely, the Irish learned a valuable lesson; no matter how historic, principled or worthy the politics, the economic periphery can be a very lonely place in<strong>de</strong>ed. Dr. Maurice FitzGerald Research Fellow in European Studies Loughborough University
Portugal's European Integration Policy, 1947-72 Nicolau Andresen-Leitão The role played by Portugal in European <strong>integration</strong> is relatively unknown, although this country has been a founding member <strong>of</strong> both the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) and the European Free Tra<strong>de</strong> Association (EFTA), and though it has joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986. Less known yet is the reaction <strong>of</strong> Portugal to the creation <strong>of</strong> the Community and its application for associate membership in 1962. Literature on Portugal and European <strong>integration</strong> is comparatively un<strong>de</strong>r<strong>de</strong>veloped in relation to other countries <strong>of</strong> the European Union. The published works <strong>of</strong> the politician José Gonçalo Corrêa d’Oliveira, the diplomat José Calvet Magalhães, and the economist José da Silva Lopes are useful starting points, but as Magalhães himself warned “some important facts which explain [Portugal's] approach to European institutions are not registered or sufficiently clarified in the works that have <strong>de</strong>alt with this subject”. 1 These facts will only be known with the publication <strong>of</strong> work based on archival 1. R.T. GUERRA, A.S. FREIRE and J.C. MAGALHÃES, Movimentos <strong>de</strong> Cooperação e Integração Europeia no Pós-Guerra e a Participação <strong>de</strong> Portugal nesses Movimentos, Oeiras, 1981, p.35. This collection <strong>of</strong> articles constitutes the first survey <strong>of</strong> literature in the field. The contributors were Ruy Teixeira Guerra, José Calvet <strong>de</strong> Magalhães and António Siqueira Freire who, as career diplomats, played crucial roles in Portugal’s relations with Europe from 1948 to 1979. Guerra was ambassador to the OEEC 1948-56, director-general <strong>of</strong> economic and consular affairs during 1956-64 and head <strong>of</strong> <strong>de</strong>legation for both the 1959 EFTA negotiations and the 1972 tra<strong>de</strong> agreement with the EEC. A compilation <strong>of</strong> Guerra’s published and diplomatic work has recently been published; N. VALÉRIO, Ruy Teixeira Guerra, Lisbon, 2000. Magalhães was ambassador to the OEEC in 1956-64 and during 1962-64 at the same time ambassador to the EEC and Euratom, director-general <strong>of</strong> economic and consular affairs in 1964-70 and secretary-general <strong>of</strong> the Portuguese Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs in 1970-74. Magalhães also has a distinguished career as a writer and has published relevant articles on the subject <strong>of</strong> this paper, “Portugal e a integração europeia”, in: Estratégia, no.4(winter 1987-88), pp.33-74, and “Salazar e a Unida<strong>de</strong> Europeia”, in: Portugal, España y Europa. Cien años <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>safío (1890-1990), Mérida, 1991, pp.129-61. Freire was ambassador to both EFTA and GATT during 1966-74 and ambassador to the EEC during 1974-79. The work <strong>of</strong> the economist Lopes provi<strong>de</strong>s the economic background to the articles mentioned. As senior tra<strong>de</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial from the 1959 EFTA negotiations onwards, Lopes has written wi<strong>de</strong>ly and knowledgeably on the subject. His most recent contribution has been “A economia portuguesa <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1960”, in: A. BARRETO, A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1995, Lisbon, 1996, pp.233-364. Other important works by this author are, Portugal and the EEC: the application for membership, in: A. GIRÃO, Southern Europe and the Enlargement <strong>of</strong> the EEC, Lisbon, 1982; and Portugal and EC membership evaluated, London, 1993. For the Portuguese government's view, see C. d’OLIVEIRA, Portugal e o Mercado Comum Europe, 2 vols., Lisbon, 1963 & 1967. Corrêa d’Oliveira was a senior tra<strong>de</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial from 1944 to 1955, involved in all the major OEEC negotiations, and a member <strong>of</strong> the Portuguese government from 1955 to 1969, working un<strong>de</strong>r the direct or<strong>de</strong>rs <strong>of</strong> Salazar from 1961 to 1965. From 1955 to 1958, Corrêa d’Oliveira was in charge <strong>of</strong> the OEEC free tra<strong>de</strong> area (FTA) negotiations, un<strong>de</strong>r the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Presi<strong>de</strong>ncy minister, Marcello Caetano. From 1958 to 1969, Corrêa d’Oliveira was directly responsible for European economic relations as well as for setting up the putative Portuguese Single Market (PSM), a projected free tra<strong>de</strong> area between Portugal and its colonies (see footnote no.34). Corrêa d’Oliveira believed that isolation from Europe would be disastrous for Portugal – a view that would influence his entire political career. 25
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