The cultural context of biodiversity conservation - Oapen

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158 The cultural context of biodiversity conservation While the grain and legumes flourish visibly above the swidden ground, many tubers and starch staples grow below. The most important root crops cultivated in the communities are yucca (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), which is locally known as camote, and taro (Xanthosoma sp.), commonly called malanga. They are often intercropped with maize and sometimes also found in small quantities in home gardens. The latter is sown from March to May; the harvest takes place eight months later. Yucca is planted around the end of April; the harvest follows a year later. The red camote is sown in June, when the rainy season has started and is also harvested a year later; out of one plant around eight roots can be obtained. The cultivation of chili is very common in both communities. For the planting, fallow land is cleared and burned in August. At the end of the month and early in September, the seeding takes place. Subsequently, the limpia is realised with machete and chemicals and at the same time fertiliser is applied to the plants. Succeeding the harvest in December, another yield can be achieved between May and June. Usually up to three quintales of green crops can be obtained from an arable area of 900 m 2 . Once harvested, the yield is dried for consumption or sale. The seeds for the next planting are obtained from the dried chilies. The chile jalapeño is sown in seedbeds, then grown beneath the milpa and harvested at the end of July, while the chile chiltepe is planted in home gardens and produced exclusively for household consumption. Due to the specific requirements of rice, which requires a rather humid soil, only a few farmers in San Benito who own suitable land cultivate it, mainly for the market rather than for their own consumption. The corresponding activities do not differ from the production cycle of maize. Among the available varieties, masagua, which blossoms rapidly, is used but not favoured according to the criteria of the informants. The variety ligoneta was reported to be given priority. For the planting of rice a guamil that has been fallow for more than six years will be cleared. The seeding is done collectively in May. At the end of the month, the first limpia takes place with machete and likewise the application of chemicals, while the second limpia two months later is done by machete only. The harvest is completed between September and October; a yield of 1.5 to 2 quintales may be obtained from an area of 900 m 2 . In general, the profits do not compensate the labour input the crop demands. Informants complained about the expenditure of time and work, which is out of proportion with the result. 19 19 The price depends on the variety and the place of sale. In 2002, a quintal of ligoneta was sold at 35 to 40 Quetzales. In 2003, an informant obtained 55 Q. for a quintal of masagua and 75 Q. for ligoneta (at the same exchange rate).
Local expressions of indigenous knowledge Table 5.2 Annual crop species cultivated by farmers in Roq-há and San Benito Spanish / Q'eqchi' English Scientific name 1 Ajonjolí sesame Sesamun indicum 2 Arroz / aroos rice Oryza sativa 3 Ayote / k'um squash Cucurbita moschata 4 Bledo / ses amaranth Amaranthus hybridus 5 Camote / is sweet potato Ipomea batatas 6 Chile rojo / ik pepper Capsicum frutescens 7 Chiltepe / rik tzuul chili pepper Capsicum annuum 8 Cilantro / ixq'i'ij coriander Coriandrum sativum 9 Frijol de bejuco / keenq' kaam beans 10 Frijol blanco " Phaseolus vulgaris 11 Frijol rojo / lol " Phaseolus vulgaris 12 Frijol trepador / garab'aans " 13 Frijol / keenq' " Phaseolus vulgaris 14 Güisquil / ch'ima chayote Sechium edule 15 Hierba mora / mak'uy Solanum americanum 16 Maíz blanco / ninqisaqihal maize Zea mays 17 Maíz amarillo / q'anhal " " 18 Maíz negro / q'eqwaj " " 19 Malanga / ox taro Xanthosoma sp 20 Maní peanuts Arachis hypogaea 21 Pepitoria /saquil squash Cucurbita sp. 22 Sandía watermelon Citrullus lanatus 23 Rosa de Jamaica hibiscus Hibiscus sabdariffa 24 Tomate / pix tomato Lycopersicon esculentum 25 Yuca / tz’in cassava Manihot esculenta Source: Field survey with Sindy Hernández and key informants 20 Perennial crops Apart from the annual crops, the farmers cultivate a considerable number of perennial crops that produce yields in a larger period of time. Among the 40 crop species that were identified, mainly trees and fruit shrubs, 28 are grown in both communities. The integration of trees on farms helps to insure a year round supply of foodstuffs. In general, these crops serve domestic consumption, but in cases of a yield surplus, they may also be commercialised within the community or taken to other communities or regional markets for sale. Among others, cocoa is an important crop, which is highly appreciated as a beverage, as is sugar cane, out of which b'oj (a fermented beverage) is prepared. They are also of major cultural significance for their use in ritual ceremonies and other festivities. 20 All scientific names have been researched by Sindy Hernández. 159
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Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie
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Published in 2008 by Universitätsv
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Bibliographische Information der De
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Prologue
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Contents 5.2 The context of meaning
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Acknowledgements Many other friends
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ABBREVIATIONS ADICI Asociación de
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2 The cultural context of biodivers
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10 The cultural context of biodiver
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3 THE DISCURSIVE CONTEXT - conceptu
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The discursive context paradigms ar
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The discursive context environmenta
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The discursive context of pluralist
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The discursive context mental chang
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The discursive context and the ›s
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The discursive context More critica
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The discursive context 3.1.3 Concep
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The discursive context ristic power
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The discursive context Given the hi
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The discursive context frame that g
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The discursive context agencies eng
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The discursive context In the end,
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The discursive context entific cred
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The discursive context in a protect
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The discursive context Wells and Br
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The discursive context accelerated
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The discursive context Beyond its s
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The discursive context tivity that
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The discursive context a religious
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The discursive context The sense of
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The discursive context to us as adu
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The discursive context In this way,
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The discursive context concurrence.
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The discursive context In discussin
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The discursive context In the same
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The discursive context efforts payi
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The discursive context 3.4.1 The co
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The discursive context In order to
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The discursive context Apart from t
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The discursive context and organisi
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The discursive context 3.4.3 The sy
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The discursive context terms throug
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The discursive context Nevertheless
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The discursive context hypotheses.
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The discursive context for a partic
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Page 125 and 126: 4 THE LOCAL CONTEXT - national poli
Page 127 and 128: The local context 4.1.1 Biological
Page 129 and 130: The local context Map 4.1 Distribut
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Page 135 and 136: The local context Moreover, the ret
Page 137 and 138: The local context 4.2 The Maya-Q'eq
Page 139 and 140: The local context The integration o
Page 141 and 142: The local context 4.2.2 Historical
Page 143 and 144: The local context In the early 1980
Page 145 and 146: The local context 4.3 The conservat
Page 147 and 148: The local context Fig. 4.6 A view f
Page 149 and 150: The local context 4.3.2 The co-mana
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Page 155 and 156: The local context 4.4.2 Methodologi
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Local expressions of indigenous kno
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250 The cultural context of biodive
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252 The cultural context of biodive
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EPILOGUE At the end of my last stay
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REFERENCES
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References Atran, Scott et al. (200
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References Brush, Stephen B. & Dore
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References Dove, Michael (1996). Ce
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References Gari, Josep-Antoni (2000
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References Hajer, Maarten & Frank F
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References Kockelman, Paul (2003).
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References Messer, Ellen (2001). Th
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References Oviedo, Gonzalo/Luisa Ma
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References Redford, Kent/Katrina Br
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References — (2002a). Participant
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References UNEP-WCMC (2003). Tradit
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APPENDIX
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Appendix Map 4.3 Alta Verapaz and m
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Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie h
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