The cultural context of biodiversity conservation - Oapen

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160 Table 5.3 Perennial crop species cultivated by farmers in Roq-há and San Benito The cultural context of biodiversity conservation Spanish / Q'eqchi' English Scientific name 1 Achiote / xayaw annatto Bixa orellana 2 Aguacate / oh avocado Persea americana 3 Anona / pak Annona diversifolia 4 Banano / tul banana Musa sapientum 5 Cacao / kakaw cocoa Theobroma cacao 6 Café / kap'e coffee Coffea arabica 7 Caña de azúcar / utz'ajil sugar cane Saccharum officinarum 8 Cardamomo / tz'i cardamom Elletaria cardamomum 9 Chicozapote / muy Lucuma durdlandii 10 Ch'onte' Solanaceae 11 Coco coconut Cocos nucifera 12 Guanaba / wanaw soursop Annona muricata 13 Guayaba / pata' guava Psidium guajava 14 Huevo de coche / k'oy Pithecelobium arboreum 15 Jengibre / xanxir ginger Zingiber oficinale 16 Jicara/ joom calabash Crescentia alata 17 Jocote marañón cashew Anacardium occidentale 18 K'ala 19 Lima / liim Citrus sp. 20 Limón / lamux lemon Citrus aurantiifolia 21 Mamey / holob'oob' Mammea americana 22 Mandarina / mandariin mandarin Citrus reticulata 23 Mango / maang mango Mangifera indica 24 Mazapán / kastayn Artocarpus altilis 25 Melocotón star fruit Cucurbitaceae 26 Nance / chi' Byrsonima crassifolia 27 Naranja dulce / chiin orange Citrus sinensis 28 Naranja agria / aranx " Citrus aurantium 29 Naranja injertada " Citrus sp. 30 Pacaya Chamaedorea sp. 31 Papaya / papaay papaya Carica papaya 32 Pataxté / b'alam Theobroma bicolor 33 Paterna / ch'elel Inga sp. 34 Piña / ch'op pineapple Ananas comosus 35 Plátano / tz'ultul plantain Musa paradisiaca 36 Samat Eryngium foetidum 37 Tib'ejtz'I Heliconeaceae 38 Vainilla / che'sib'ik vanilla Vanilla planifolia 39 Yak Phytolacca icosandra 40 Zapote / saltul Calocarpum mammosum Source: Field survey with Sindy Hernández and informants
Local expressions of indigenous knowledge 5.1.3 Silvicultural and horticultural practices Another core element of the agroecology is a complex system of silvicultural practices. Trees and forests constitute essential elements in the production system in the tropical lowlands as they ensure a food supplies for local households and provide the main source of fuel for cooking and food processing. 21 In general, the products gathered in the forest and home gardens are not commercialised, except the widely grown cash crop cardamom, which is produced exclusively for the market. 22 First introduced to the country by German finqueros, the crop has widely replaced coffee in the area. 23 The cardamom plants are grown in the forest environment in the shade of larger trees. They take about three years to bear fruit and produce for four to six years before yields decline. The cultivation starts with the seeding in seedbeds in May. After forty days, the matas are transplanted to the forest with a distance between two and three metres between the single plants. During the first two years of growing, the farmers carry out three limpias per year by machete, until the first harvest takes place in the third year. Once the plants have started to fruit, the limpia by machete follows just once a year. One person can weed an area of two tareas per day. According to one farmer's explanation, the crop is quite susceptible to diseases and plagues as it is not traditionally cultivated but derived from a different ecosystem. The harvest period lasts from October to April. Especially at the end of the year, when middlemen come to the villages with trucks to buy the cardamom yields, this work is not conducted by the farmers themselves. They are assisted by family members, wives and children alike. A family may harvest an amount of 125 libras per day. As the prices are dictated by the coyotes, as the farmers call the middlemen, they have no other choice than to accept the offered payment, which may vary daily. 24 Fig. 5.8 A farmer sells his yield of cardamom to a middleman 21 Referring to research outcomes on ethnoecological knowledge, Ellen (2003: 60) writes that indigenous forest-fallow cultivation and aboricultural practices throughout the tropics maintain forest rather than destroy it. Agroforestry systems have been shown to reduce the risks of declining soil fertility in the face of increasing population pressure and to contribute to the regeneration of fallow and mature forest. 22 Before export, the crops need to be dried by regional manufactures. A quintal of dried cardamom was said to cost 3000 Quetzales. 23 Due to the massive drop in prices on the world market, coffee has lost its significance as cash crop in the area, although it continues to be grown for consumption purposes. 24 Cardamom producers are highly vulnerable to the vagaries of the market. In October 2002, the price for a quintal varied between 130 and 200 Quetzales. On March 17th 2003, a quintal brought 245 Q., whereas three days later, the price again had fallen to 160 Q. at the same location. 161
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Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie
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Published in 2008 by Universitätsv
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Bibliographische Information der De
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Prologue
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Contents 5.2 The context of meaning
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Acknowledgements Many other friends
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ABBREVIATIONS ADICI Asociación de
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2 The cultural context of biodivers
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10 The cultural context of biodiver
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3 THE DISCURSIVE CONTEXT - conceptu
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The discursive context paradigms ar
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The discursive context environmenta
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The discursive context of pluralist
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The discursive context mental chang
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The discursive context and the ›s
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The discursive context More critica
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The discursive context 3.1.3 Concep
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The discursive context ristic power
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The discursive context Given the hi
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The discursive context frame that g
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The discursive context agencies eng
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The discursive context In the end,
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The discursive context entific cred
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The discursive context in a protect
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The discursive context Wells and Br
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The discursive context accelerated
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The discursive context Beyond its s
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The discursive context tivity that
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The discursive context a religious
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The discursive context The sense of
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The discursive context to us as adu
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The discursive context In this way,
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The discursive context concurrence.
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The discursive context In discussin
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The discursive context In the same
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The discursive context efforts payi
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The discursive context 3.4.1 The co
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The discursive context In order to
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The discursive context Apart from t
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The discursive context and organisi
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The discursive context 3.4.3 The sy
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The discursive context terms throug
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The discursive context Nevertheless
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The discursive context hypotheses.
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The discursive context for a partic
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The discursive context tions with t
Page 125 and 126: 4 THE LOCAL CONTEXT - national poli
Page 127 and 128: The local context 4.1.1 Biological
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Page 137 and 138: The local context 4.2 The Maya-Q'eq
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Page 141 and 142: The local context 4.2.2 Historical
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Page 149 and 150: The local context 4.3.2 The co-mana
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Local expressions of indigenous kno
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250 The cultural context of biodive
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252 The cultural context of biodive
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EPILOGUE At the end of my last stay
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REFERENCES
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References Atran, Scott et al. (200
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References Brush, Stephen B. & Dore
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References Dove, Michael (1996). Ce
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References Gari, Josep-Antoni (2000
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References Hajer, Maarten & Frank F
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References Kockelman, Paul (2003).
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References Messer, Ellen (2001). Th
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References Oviedo, Gonzalo/Luisa Ma
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References Redford, Kent/Katrina Br
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References — (2002a). Participant
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References UNEP-WCMC (2003). Tradit
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APPENDIX
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Appendix Map 4.3 Alta Verapaz and m
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Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie h
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