Growing Together: Economic Integration for an Inclusive and - escap

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CHAPTER THREE 77 Building seamless connectivity A major gas trade development project in the subregion is the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Project (TAGP). This project, which aims to link almost 80 per cent of the subregion’s total gas reserves, includes the construction of 13 cross-border pipelines (figure III.5). It faces a series of technical as well as institutional and commercial challenges. The technical factors include harmonization and standardization of technical matters, gas quality specification, geo-sequestration of CO2, and environmental regulation and standards. Institutional factors include law and regulation of cross-border trade, the title and ownership of the pipelines, the harmonization of tax systems and dispute FIGURE TITLE III.5. The proposed Trans-ASEAN gas pipeline grid INDIA 2 3 MYANMAR 9 8 LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC THAILAND 7 MALAYSIA 1 6 CAMBODIA 5 4 INDONESIA CHINA 13 11 10 SINGAPORE VIET NAM 12 resolution mechanisms. Commercial factors include gas price mechanisms, demand stability, competition, commercial viability, financing transit rights, third-party access to common gas carriers and tax incentives. 39 In 2009, the economies of the subregion accounted for 3.2 per cent of Asia-Pacific electricity trade. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic is the largest exporter of electricity while Thailand is the largest importer. The major programme promoting the interconnection of the power grids in South-East Asia is the ASEAN Power Grid, which has four ongoing interconnection projects and an additional BRUNEI DARUSSALAM MALAYSIA INDONESIA PHILIPPINES Source: ESCAP based on data from ASEAN Centre for Energy. Available from http://aseanenergy.org. 1. Malaysia to Singapore (commissioned 1991) 2. Myanmar (Yadana) to Thailand (Ratchaburi) (commissioned 1999) 3. Myanmar (Yetagun) to Thailand (Ratchaburi) (commissioned 2000) 4. Indonesia (West Natuna) to Singapore (commissioned 2001) 5. Indonesia (West Natuna) to Malaysia (Duyong) (commissioned 2002) 6. Indonesia (Grissik) to Singapore (commissioned 2003) 7. Trans Thailand - Malaysia (commissioned 2005) 8. Indonesia (South Sumatra) to Malaysia 9. Indonesia (Arun) to Malaysia 10. Indonesia (East Natuna and West Natuna) to Malaysia (Kerteh) and Singapore 11. Indonesia (East Natuna) to Thailand (JDA - Erawan) 12. Indonesia (East Natuna) to Malaysia (Sabah) and the Philippines (Palawan - Luzon) 13. Malaysia - Thailand (JDA) to Viet Nam
11 planned through 2015 (figure III.6). The total investment required is estimated at $5.9 billion. 40 Australia – The country has the world’s thirteenth-largest gas reserves and exports more than half its production to China, Japan, Kuwait, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan Province of China. It is also one of the world’s largest exporters of coal, accounting for over 28 per cent of the global exports; in 2010, almost 40 per cent of the value of its coal shipments went to Japan with most of the rest going to the Republic of Korea (15 per cent), China (12 per cent), India (10.9 per cent) and other Asian countries (9.5 per cent). Pacific – According to an ADB study, fossil fuels accounted for 85 per cent of the total energy supply of the Pacific island Countries and Territories (PICTs) during 1990-2006, with biomass representing about 11 per cent of the total. However the subregional picture for FIGURE TITLE III.6. Proposed ASEAN Power grid MYANMAR Yangon Hanoi LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Vientiane THAILAND Bangkok Legend Power Grid Natural Gas Fields Phnom Penh MALAYSIA Kuala Lumpur CAMBODIA Singapore SINGAPORE INDONESIA VIET NAM BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Bandar Seri Begawan Jakarta MALAYSIA INDONESIA both supply and consumption is dominated by Papua New Guinea, which accounts for 60 per cent, and by Fiji for almost all of the remaining 40 per cent. Over the period as a whole, average energy consumption for the PICTs grew by 3.8 per cent annually, but this figure drops to only 1.1 per cent if Papua New Guinea and Fiji are excluded. For the other countries and territories, fossil fuels accounted for around 99 per cent of commercial energy use – compared with an average of 45 per cent for the Asia-Pacific region and about 34 per cent globally. A high proportion of imported petroleum is used for transport – about 42 per cent in Papua New Guinea, 54 per cent in Fiji, and 75 per cent on average for others. The increase in the price of petroleum from 2002 to early 2008 cost most PICTs about 10 per cent of their gross national incomes, with the impacts falling disproportionately on PHILIPPINES TIMOR-LESTE Source: ESCAP based on data from ASEAN Centre for Energy. Available from http://aseanenergy.org. Manila PAPUA NEW GUINEA 78
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ii Photo by Warren Field
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iv Growing Together articulates a n
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vi The following experts prepared t
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viii CONTENTS (continued) Page Chap
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x FIGURES I.1. Real rates of growth
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xii TABLES I.1. Transitions from mi
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xiv ABBREVIATIONS (continued) CEPA
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xvi ABBREVIATIONS (continued) RCM R
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xviii The term “Pacific” in thi
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xx opportunities for all social gro
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xxii Many of the labour flows withi
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xxiv development gaps. Land routes
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xxvi development agencies and priva
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xxviii weighted mean Gini coefficie
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CHAPTER ONE 1 UNDP Photo The case f
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CHAPTER ONE 3 FIGURE TITLE The case
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CHAPTER ONE 5 The case for regional
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CHAPTER ONE 11 The case for regiona
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CHAPTER TWO 19 Towards a broader in
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CHAPTER TWO 21 FIGURE TITLE Towards
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CHAPTER FIVE 127 Economic cooperati
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CHAPTER FIVE 131 FIGURE TITLE Econo
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CHAPTER SIX 135 Towards an inclusiv
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CHAPTER SIX 137 Towards an inclusiv
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139 Annex Technical notes Photo by
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141 Annex Technical notes ii. Expor
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143 Annex Technical notes of the ag
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References 145 Photo by Warren Fiel
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References 147 __________ (2009). E
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References 149 Brenner, Cath (2009)
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References 151 __________ (2010b).
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References 153 Hertel, T., ed. (199
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References 155 __________ (2005). P
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References 157 Quah, Danny (2010).
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References 159 Thailand, National E
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References 161 United Nations, Econ
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References Photo by Warren Field 16
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