Growing Together: Economic Integration for an Inclusive and - escap

ENDNOTES
1 ADB and ADBI, 2009.
2 For example, in a recent ex-ante study of the
proposed Padma Bridge (a 5.8-km bridge with an
estimated cost of $1.8 billion across the Padma River) in
Bangladesh, an analysis was made of the effects of the
investment. It showed that the bridge would produce
new demand/output in related economic sectors,
generate additional factor incomes in the value chain
and create new jobs. In total, the construction of the
bridge was expected to raise GDP growth by 1.2 per
cent through the multiplier effects. See, ADB, 2007, p.
21.
3 See, for example, Easley and Kleinberg, 2010.
4 A phenomenon known as Metcalfe’s Law. The socalled
“Metcalfe’s Law” states the value of a network
grows as the square of the number of users.
5 Containerisation International, 2011b, pp. 4-5.
6 Consolidation of shipping industry and increasing
size of ships also contributes to this because shipping
companies aim to maximize their cargo/profits.
7 The index is generated as follows: for each of the
five components, a country’s value is divided by the
maximum value of that component in 2004, and for
each country, the average of the five components
is calculated. This average is then divided by the
maximum average for 2004 and multiplied by 100.
In this way, the index generates the value 100 for the
country with the highest average index of the five
components in 2004.
8 ESCAP Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Agreements
database. Available from www.unescap.org/tid/aptiad/
agg_db.aspx.
9 The correlation coefficient between changes in the
index and changes in container traffic is 0.37.
10 Association of Asia Pacific Airlines, 2011.
11 ICAO, 2010.
12 Association of Asia Pacific Airlines, 2011.
13 Gillen, 2009.
14 Arvis and Shepherd, 2011.
15 This connectivity index is designed to capture
service improvements, route extensions and increased
frequency; for instance, the value of the index increases
with increases in the range of destinations and/or the
frequency of services.
16 ICAO, 2010, p. 28, table 12.
17 The Agreement specifies four road classes: (i)
“Primary” class refers to access-controlled highways,
used exclusively by automobiles; (ii) “Class I” is 4 or
more lanes with asphalt or cement concrete pavement;
(iii) “Class II” is 2 lanes with asphalt or cement concrete
pavement; and (iv) “Class III” is 2 lanes with double
bituminous treatment pavement.
18 For more information, see www.unescap.org/ttdw/
common/tis/ah/Member%20countries.asp.
19 As of March 2012, there were 17 parties to the
Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian
Railway Network.
20 Convention on Road Traffic (Vienna, 8 November
1968); Convention on Road Signs and Signals (Vienna,
8 November 1968); Customs Convention on the
International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR
Carnets (TIR Convention) (Geneva, 14 November 1975);
Customs Convention on the Temporary Importation
of Commercial Road Vehicles (Geneva, 18 May 1956);
Customs Convention on Containers (Geneva, 2
December 1972); International Convention on the
Harmonisation of Frontier Controls of Goods (Geneva,
21 October 1982); and Convention on the Contract for
the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR)
(Geneva, 19 May 1956).
21 Data on Pakistan are not included in the model,
so it is not possible to include the Amritsar – Lahore
segment in the simulation.
22 Latest complete data available in July 2011.
23 ADB, 2009.
24 2010 electricity trade data extrapolated.
25 The project’s first stage was completed in 2009,
connecting Irkutsk to the Skovorodino hub, from
where oil is currently transported to the Pacific coast
by rail. The second stage will connect Skovorodino to
the Pacific by pipeline. When completed in 2025, it is
expected that the project will cover more than 5 per
cent of the oil demand of Asia.
26 According to Topalov, 2009, the total Sakhalin
reserves are estimated to be 3.3 trillion cubic meters
of gas and 900 million tons of oil. Currently, 2 out of 9
Sakhalin projects are active with Sakhalin-2 supplying
nearly 8 million tonnes of oil and 12 billion cubic meters
of gas.
27 Chichkin, 2011.
28 There are currently two LNG terminals functioning in
the country: a Marmara LNG terminal (Cerrahogullari,
2006) with the yearly regasification capacity of 6 billion
cubic meters and Izmir LNG terminal (Global LNG Info,
2011) with yearly regasification capacity of 7.4 billion
cubic meters.
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