Growing Together: Economic Integration for an Inclusive and - escap

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x FIGURES I.1. Real rates of growth of GDP, Asia-Pacific economies and advanced economies .... 3 I.2. Country groups on and off track for the MDGs ......................................................................... 5 I.3. The Asia-Pacific share of the developing world’s deprived people ................................. 6 I.4. Infrastructure index, selected economies ......................................................................................... 8 I.5. Performance indicators of Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Viet Nam, in comparison with ASEAN, 1992-2010 ........................................................ 12 II.1. Destination of Asia-Pacific exports, 2002-2016 .............................................................................. 21 II.2. The ten most promising export markets for Asia-Pacific countries ................................. 23 II.3. Export opportunities, by country .......................................................................................................... 25 II.4. Policy-related factors in trade costs .................................................................................................... 27 II.5. Agricultural and manufacturing non-tariff comprehensive trade costs between selected economies and Japan .................................................................................... 29 II.6. Exports of commercial services and merchandise, Asia-Pacific, 2000-2010 .................. 30 II.7. Changes in the share of commercial services exports, Asia and the Pacific and the world, 2000-2010 ..................................................................................................................... 31 II.8. Number of international students in selected Asia-pacific economies, 2009 ............. 33 II.9. Top recipients of FDI inflows in Asia and the Pacific in 2010 and FDI outflows from these countries .................................................................................................. 38 II.10. Network of trade agreement between countries in Asia and the Pacific ................... 46 II.11. Scenarios A and B for trade liberalization in AFTA, SAFTA, ECOTA and PACER-Plus ........................................................................................................................................... 52 II.12. Long-run welfare gains for four subregional agreements, including trade facilitation ........................................................................................................................................................ 53 II.13. CEPEA as a potential nucleus of a broader integrated market .......................................... 54 II.14. Potential benefits of expanding ASEAN Free Trade Area to ASEAN+6 (CEPEA) ....... 55 II.15. Starting afresh through the broadest and most comprehensive possible agreement ................................................................................................................................... 55 II.16. Welfare gains from region-wide liberalization ............................................................................... 56 III.1. UNCTAD liner shipping connectivity index, 2006 and 2011 ................................................. 64 III.2. Asian Highway network .............................................................................................................................. 67 III.3. Trans-Asian Railway network .................................................................................................................... 69 III.4. Energy trade in the Asia-Pacific region ............................................................................................. 74 III.5. The proposed Trans-ASEAN gas pipeline grid .............................................................................. 77 III.6. Proposed ASEAN Power grid .................................................................................................................. 78 III.7. Relationships between connectivity, usage prices and income, selected economies, 2009 ..................................................................................................................... 83 III.8. Submarine telecommunications cables landing in Asia and the Pacific ........................ 84 IV.1. Credit spreads and bond premia for five-year term loans or issues, for different ratings of borrowers or issuers, January 2012 .............................................. 98 Page
FIGURES (continued) Page IV.2. Public-private partnerships as a percentage of fixed capital formation, selected countries ...................................................................................................................................... 100 IV.3. A possible scheme of revenue bonds ............................................................................................... 101 IV.4. Returns on selected infrastructure assets and major treasury bonds over 2002-2007 ............................................................................................................................................ 106 V.1. Fiji, annual fluctuations in GDP relative to the incidence of disasters, 1980-2008 ....................................................................................................................................................... 120 V.2. Primary energy use in Asia and the Pacific and the rest of the world, 1971-2008 ........................................................................................................................................................ 123 V.3. Availability of water resources per capita, by region and subregion, 2008 ................ 124 V.4. Domestic material consumption in Asia and the Pacific and the rest of the world, 1970-2005 ...................................................................................................... 125 V.5. Shares of main material categories in Asia and the Pacific, 1970 and 2005 ............. 125 V.6. Social exclusion in 1990 and foreign direct investment over 2003-2010 ...................... 131 xi
Page 4 and 5: ii Photo by Warren Field
Page 6 and 7: iv Growing Together articulates a n
Page 8 and 9: vi The following experts prepared t
Page 10 and 11: viii CONTENTS (continued) Page Chap
Page 14 and 15: xii TABLES I.1. Transitions from mi
Page 16 and 17: xiv ABBREVIATIONS (continued) CEPA
Page 18 and 19: xvi ABBREVIATIONS (continued) RCM R
Page 20 and 21: xviii The term “Pacific” in thi
Page 22 and 23: xx opportunities for all social gro
Page 24 and 25: xxii Many of the labour flows withi
Page 26 and 27: xxiv development gaps. Land routes
Page 28 and 29: xxvi development agencies and priva
Page 30 and 31: xxviii weighted mean Gini coefficie
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER ONE 1 UNDP Photo The case f
Page 34 and 35: CHAPTER ONE 3 FIGURE TITLE The case
Page 36 and 37: CHAPTER ONE 5 The case for regional
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER ONE 11 The case for regiona
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CHAPTER TWO 31 FIGURE TITLE Towards
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CHAPTER TWO 35 Towards a broader in
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CHAPTER THREE UN Photo - Kibae Park
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CHAPTER THREE 63 Building seamless
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CHAPTER THREE 73 TABLE TITLE Buildi
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CHAPTER THREE 83 FIGURE TITLE Build
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CHAPTER THREE 89 29 EIA, 2010b. 30
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CHAPTER FOUR 91 Enhancing regional
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CHAPTER FOUR 101 FIGURE TITLE Enhan
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CHAPTER FOUR 107 TABLE TITLE Enhanc
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CHAPTER FIVE 111 UN Photo - Kibae P
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CHAPTER FIVE 113 Economic cooperati
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CHAPTER FIVE 125 FIGURE TITLE Econo
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CHAPTER FIVE 131 FIGURE TITLE Econo
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CHAPTER SIX 135 Towards an inclusiv
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CHAPTER SIX 137 Towards an inclusiv
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139 Annex Technical notes Photo by
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141 Annex Technical notes ii. Expor
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143 Annex Technical notes of the ag
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References 145 Photo by Warren Fiel
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References 147 __________ (2009). E
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References 149 Brenner, Cath (2009)
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References 151 __________ (2010b).
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References 153 Hertel, T., ed. (199
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References 155 __________ (2005). P
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References 157 Quah, Danny (2010).
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References 159 Thailand, National E
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References 161 United Nations, Econ
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References Photo by Warren Field 16
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