Growing Together: Economic Integration for an Inclusive and - escap
Growing Together: Economic Integration for an Inclusive and - escap
Growing Together: Economic Integration for an Inclusive and - escap
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CHAPTER THREE<br />
67<br />
Building seamless connectivity<br />
vehicles. Countries are also struggling to maintain<br />
their Asi<strong>an</strong> Highway routes due to limited<br />
fin<strong>an</strong>ces <strong>an</strong>d institutional capacity. Furthermore,<br />
as in the case of other infrastructure networks,<br />
it is often difficult to fund cross-border<br />
projects unless such projects are part of a<br />
broader integration strategy, such as the<br />
Almaty-Bishkek Regional Road Rehabilitation<br />
project funded by ADB under the Central<br />
Asia Regional <strong>Economic</strong> Cooperation (CAREC)<br />
programme, or more recently the Northern<br />
<strong>Economic</strong> Corridor of the Greater Mekong<br />
Subregion. This underlines the critical role<br />
played by regional cooperative frameworks,<br />
such as the Intergovernmental Agreement<br />
on the Asi<strong>an</strong> Highway Network, as well as<br />
the m<strong>an</strong>y subregional initiatives promoted<br />
by subregional org<strong>an</strong>izations <strong>an</strong>d multilateral<br />
fin<strong>an</strong>cing institutions.<br />
The situation is similar <strong>for</strong> railways. Some<br />
countries are exp<strong>an</strong>ding <strong>an</strong>d improving their<br />
networks through the construction of new<br />
tracks, double tracking or electric signalling,<br />
but the region as a whole has yet to realize<br />
its rail potential. The Intergovernmental<br />
FIGURE TITLE<br />
III.2. Asi<strong>an</strong> Highway network<br />
Torpynovka Vyborg<br />
St. Petersburg<br />
AH8<br />
AH1<br />
Agreement on the Tr<strong>an</strong>s-Asi<strong>an</strong> Railway<br />
Network, which entered into <strong>for</strong>ce in 2009, 19<br />
has raised the profile of the region’s railways<br />
<strong>an</strong>d is encouraging governments <strong>an</strong>d fin<strong>an</strong>c-<br />
ing institutions to increase investment in the<br />
sector. Other subregional <strong>an</strong>d regional<br />
initiatives have also been catalytic in improv-<br />
ing railway network connectivity. For example,<br />
the Master Pl<strong>an</strong> on ASEAN Connectivity<br />
launched in 2010 has renewed interest in the<br />
Singapore-Kunming Rail Link (SKRL) Project.<br />
As part of this project, the towns of Th<strong>an</strong>aleng<br />
in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic <strong>an</strong>d<br />
Nong Khai in the north of Thail<strong>an</strong>d were<br />
linked by rail, providing the l<strong>an</strong>dlocked<br />
country easier access to the maritime ports of<br />
Thail<strong>an</strong>d.<br />
However, railways face the challenge of<br />
missing links, which prevent the network from<br />
functioning as a continuous system (table III.2<br />
<strong>an</strong>d figure III.3). According to ESCAP estimates,<br />
these constitute about 10,500 km of rail track,<br />
mostly located in the ASEAN subregion. While<br />
these links c<strong>an</strong> be filled by tr<strong>an</strong>sshipments to<br />
trucks, shippers are discouraged from using<br />
AH6<br />
AH6<br />
AH64<br />
AH61<br />
AH61<br />
AH61<br />
AH60<br />
AH5<br />
AH5<br />
AH61 AH5<br />
AH32<br />
Poti AH5 AH5<br />
Bishkek Shymkent<br />
Ist<strong>an</strong>bul<br />
Tbilisi<br />
AH5<br />
AH5<br />
AH7<br />
AH82 Baku<br />
Tashkent AH61<br />
Osh<br />
AH1<br />
Turkemenbashi<br />
Bukhara<br />
AH7<br />
1<br />
AH65<br />
Ankara<br />
Yerev<strong>an</strong><br />
AH65<br />
AH87<br />
Kashi<br />
Ashgabat<br />
AH6<br />
Izmir<br />
Dush<strong>an</strong>be<br />
Mary<br />
Icel<br />
Qazvin<br />
AH84<br />
AH1 Mashhad<br />
AH76<br />
Seoul<br />
AH75<br />
AH4<br />
Tehr<strong>an</strong><br />
AH77<br />
Jammu<br />
Kabul<br />
Tokyo<br />
AH1<br />
Indi<strong>an</strong><br />
Kashmir<br />
Esfah<strong>an</strong><br />
1 Islamabad 1<br />
K<strong>an</strong>dahar<br />
Lahore<br />
B<strong>an</strong>dar Emam<br />
Lhasa<br />
Bushehr<br />
AH2<br />
AH42<br />
New Delhi<br />
B<strong>an</strong>dar Abbas<br />
Kathm<strong>an</strong>du<br />
Thimphu<br />
Agra<br />
AH48<br />
Karachi<br />
1<br />
Dhaka<br />
Kolkata AH1<br />
AH46 AH46 AH45<br />
M<strong>an</strong>dalay<br />
Nagpur<br />
AH14<br />
H<strong>an</strong>oi<br />
Mumbai<br />
AH15<br />
Vienti<strong>an</strong>e<br />
AH1<br />
AH15<br />
AH16 AH16 AH16<br />
Chennai<br />
B<strong>an</strong>galore<br />
B<strong>an</strong>gkok<br />
M<strong>an</strong>ila<br />
Phnom<br />
Penh<br />
Sih<strong>an</strong>oukville Vung Tau<br />
Colombo<br />
Sri Jayawardh<strong>an</strong>apura-Kotte<br />
Hat Yai<br />
Zambo<strong>an</strong>ga<br />
B<strong>an</strong>da Aceh<br />
B<strong>an</strong>dar Seri<br />
Kuala<br />
Begaw<strong>an</strong><br />
Lumpur<br />
Borneo<br />
Singapore<br />
Kalim<strong>an</strong>t<strong>an</strong><br />
Jakarta<br />
Surabaya<br />
Denpasar<br />
Almaty<br />
Yekaterinburg<br />
Moscow<br />
Krasnoe<br />
Samara<br />
Chelyabinsk<br />
Troitsk<br />
Kaerak<br />
Petropavlovsk Omsk<br />
Isilkul<br />
Cherlak<br />
Pnirtyshskoe<br />
Novosibirsk<br />
Barnaul<br />
Tambov<br />
Shiderty Pavlodar<br />
Ul<strong>an</strong>-Ude<br />
Ozinki<br />
Irkutsk<br />
Ural'sk<br />
Veseloyarskyj<br />
Chita<br />
Krupets<br />
Voronezh Borysoglebsk Kamenka<br />
Ast<strong>an</strong>a<br />
Semipalatinsk Tash<strong>an</strong>ta<br />
Kyahta<br />
Belogorsk<br />
Karag<strong>an</strong>da<br />
Ula<strong>an</strong>baishint<br />
Alt<strong>an</strong>bulag<br />
Zabaykalsk<br />
Volgograd<br />
Heihe Blagoveshchensk<br />
M<strong>an</strong>zhouli<br />
Donetsk<br />
Atyrau<br />
Zhezkazg<strong>an</strong><br />
Khabarovsk<br />
Taskesken<br />
Hovd<br />
Ula<strong>an</strong>baatar<br />
Arsh<strong>an</strong><br />
Bakhty<br />
Qiqihar Tongji<strong>an</strong>g<br />
UKRAINE<br />
Baketu<br />
Astrakh<strong>an</strong><br />
Nalayh<br />
Sumber<br />
Kotyaevka<br />
Ucharal<br />
Ondorha<strong>an</strong><br />
Beyneu<br />
Alash<strong>an</strong>kou<br />
Yar<strong>an</strong>tai<br />
Burubaital<br />
Kyzylorda<br />
Urumqi<br />
Say<strong>an</strong>sh<strong>an</strong>d<br />
Harbin<br />
ROMANIA<br />
Jinghe Kuitun<br />
Aktau<br />
Horgos<br />
Suifenhe<br />
Leselidze<br />
BULGARIA<br />
Merke<br />
Zamin-uud Er<strong>an</strong>hot<br />
Ch<strong>an</strong>gchun<br />
Ussuriysk<br />
Bekdash<br />
Qu<strong>an</strong>he<br />
Merzifon Batumi<br />
Vladivostok & Nahodka<br />
Kapikule<br />
Sheny<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Sonbong<br />
Turgat<br />
Yi'erkeshit<strong>an</strong><br />
Refahiye<br />
Alat<br />
D<strong>an</strong>dong<br />
Serdar<br />
Beijing<br />
Farap<br />
Dali<strong>an</strong><br />
Tejen<br />
T<strong>an</strong>ggu<br />
Pyongy<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Honqiraf<br />
Chinese<br />
L<strong>an</strong>zhou<br />
Shijiazhu<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Iskenderun<br />
Shabzevar<br />
Khosravi<br />
Saveh<br />
Polekhumri<br />
Line<br />
Golmud<br />
Qom<br />
Salafcheg<strong>an</strong><br />
<strong>an</strong>d<br />
Herat<br />
Line<br />
Xi'<strong>an</strong><br />
Zhengzhou Li<strong>an</strong>yung<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Xiny<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Yazd<br />
Dilaram<br />
Attari<br />
Indi<strong>an</strong><br />
N<strong>an</strong>jing<br />
Kerm<strong>an</strong> Dashtak Quetta<br />
Line<br />
Sh<strong>an</strong>ghai<br />
Anar<br />
H<strong>an</strong>gzhou<br />
Zahed<strong>an</strong><br />
Chinese<br />
Zh<strong>an</strong>gmu<br />
Line<br />
Ch<strong>an</strong>gsha<br />
Rohri<br />
Naray<strong>an</strong>ghat<br />
Pathlaiya<br />
N<strong>an</strong>ch<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Raxual Dispur<br />
Gwalior<br />
Chabahar<br />
Barhi<br />
Imphal<br />
Kunming<br />
Katchpur Tamu<br />
Ruili<br />
Hekou N<strong>an</strong>ning<br />
Jinghong<br />
Gu<strong>an</strong>gzhou<br />
Lao Cai<br />
Dhule<br />
Kharagpur<br />
Youyigu<strong>an</strong><br />
Shenzhen<br />
Teknaf Meiktila<br />
Vinh<br />
Payagyi<br />
Laoag<br />
Pits<strong>an</strong>ulok Seno Dong Ha<br />
Tak<br />
Nakhon Saw<strong>an</strong><br />
Hoi An<br />
B<strong>an</strong>g Pa-in Khon Kaen<br />
Kabin Buri<br />
Krishnagiri<br />
Matnog<br />
Allen<br />
Moc Bai<br />
Taclob<strong>an</strong><br />
Talaim<strong>an</strong>nar<br />
Cebu Lio<strong>an</strong><br />
Ho Chi Minh<br />
Dh<strong>an</strong>ushkodi Trincomalee<br />
Sungao<br />
Cagay<strong>an</strong> de Oro<br />
Davao<br />
Matara<br />
General S<strong>an</strong>tos<br />
Male<br />
Med<strong>an</strong><br />
Seremb<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Johor Bahru<br />
Dumai<br />
Palemb<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Bakauheni<br />
Merak Cikampek<br />
B<strong>an</strong>dung<br />
Semar<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Dili<br />
Port Moresby<br />
Birg<strong>an</strong>j<br />
Siliguri<br />
R.F<br />
Kurlin<br />
Arkalyk<br />
Zhais<strong>an</strong><br />
Aktobe KAZAKHSTAN<br />
Aralsk<br />
Uliastay<br />
Takeshk<strong>an</strong><br />
MONGOLIA<br />
GEORGIA<br />
Tuluf<strong>an</strong><br />
UZBEKISTAN<br />
Gerede<br />
KYRGYZSTAN<br />
ARMENIA<br />
AZERBAIJAN<br />
DEMOCRATIC<br />
TURKMENISTAN<br />
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF<br />
TURKEY<br />
TAJIKISTAN<br />
OF KOREA<br />
Toprakkale<br />
CHINA<br />
Termez<br />
REPUBLIC OF JAPAN<br />
Mazar-i-Sharif<br />
Xining<br />
KOREA<br />
Bus<strong>an</strong><br />
ISLAMIC AFGHANISTAN<br />
REPUBLIC OF IRAN<br />
Fukuoka<br />
Takeshk<strong>an</strong><br />
PAKISTAN<br />
NEPAL<br />
BHUTAN<br />
Xi<strong>an</strong>gl<strong>an</strong><br />
K<strong>an</strong>pur<br />
Phulbari Jaigaon<br />
Hyderabad<br />
BANGLADESH<br />
Muse<br />
Mongla<br />
Kazmalyarskiy<br />
INDIA<br />
LAO PEOPLE'S<br />
Sarpi<br />
Naypyitaw<br />
Vale<br />
Th<strong>an</strong>e<br />
DEMOCRATIC<br />
MYANMAR<br />
Visakhapatnam<br />
REPUBLIC<br />
VIET NAM<br />
Ferry to Kazakhst<strong>an</strong><br />
Y<strong>an</strong>gon<br />
Trabzon<br />
Hyderabad<br />
Gumri<br />
Vijayawada<br />
THAILAND<br />
PHILIPPINES<br />
Erzurum<br />
Gazi Mammed<br />
Horas<strong>an</strong> Yerev<strong>an</strong><br />
CAMBODIA<br />
Askale<br />
Madurai<br />
Agarak<br />
Nour Douz<br />
SRI LANKA<br />
Tabriz ISLAMIC REPUBLIC<br />
OF IRAN<br />
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM<br />
MALAYSIA<br />
MALDIVES<br />
MALAYSIA<br />
SINGAPORE INDONESIA<br />
Jambi<br />
INDONESIA<br />
PAPUA<br />
NEW GUINEA<br />
TIMOR-LESTE<br />
Ashtarak<br />
AH14<br />
Kunming<br />
RUSSIAN FEDERATION<br />
Ruili<br />
Leselidze<br />
Hasavjurt<br />
Muse<br />
Mahachkala<br />
My<strong>an</strong>mar<br />
N<strong>an</strong>ning<br />
Hekou<br />
Sukhumi<br />
Larsi<br />
M<strong>an</strong>dalay<br />
Daluo<br />
Lao Cai<br />
Jinghong<br />
GEORGIA<br />
Huu Nghi Youyigu<strong>an</strong><br />
Poti<br />
Mongla<br />
Moh<strong>an</strong><br />
Ferry to Bulgaria, Senaki Khashuri<br />
Boten<br />
Nateuy<br />
H<strong>an</strong>oi<br />
Rom<strong>an</strong>ia, Ukraine<br />
Mtskheta<br />
Tachilek<br />
Batumi Akhaltsikhe Tbilisi<br />
Samur<br />
Meiktila<br />
Qudomxai<br />
Hai Phong<br />
Mae Sai<br />
Houayxay Hoa Binh<br />
Ch<strong>an</strong>g Khong<br />
Sarp<br />
Red Bridge<br />
Sadakhlo<br />
Chi<strong>an</strong>g Rai<br />
Mu<strong>an</strong>g Ngeon<br />
Huai<br />
Viet Nam<br />
Bagratashen<br />
Kon<br />
Kazakh AZERBAIJAN<br />
Naypyitaw<br />
Lao P.D.R. Vinh<br />
Uzungala<br />
AH5<br />
Paravakar<br />
Vienti<strong>an</strong>e Keoneua Cau Treo B<strong>an</strong> Lao<br />
Akurik V<strong>an</strong>adjon G<strong>an</strong>ja<br />
Sumgayit<br />
Uttaradit<br />
Nakhon<br />
Densav<strong>an</strong>h<br />
ARMENIA<br />
Baku<br />
Payagyi Thail<strong>an</strong>d Nong Khai Ph<strong>an</strong>om Thakhek<br />
Udonth<strong>an</strong>i<br />
Dong Ha<br />
Thaton<br />
Tak<br />
Sino<br />
Lao Bao<br />
Alat<br />
Eraskh<br />
Ferry to Turkmenist<strong>an</strong><br />
Y<strong>an</strong>gon<br />
Mae Sot<br />
Phits<strong>an</strong>ulok Mukdah<strong>an</strong><br />
Myawadi<br />
Da N<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Khon Kaen<br />
Sadarak Goradiz<br />
Dogubayazit Gurbulak<br />
Bilasuvar<br />
Nakhon Nakhon<br />
Hoi An<br />
Sav<strong>an</strong>nakhet<br />
Bazarg<strong>an</strong> Goris<br />
Saw<strong>an</strong> Ratchasima<br />
Pakse<br />
TURKEY<br />
Nakhchiv<strong>an</strong><br />
Hin Kong<br />
AH84<br />
Julfa Aghb<strong>an</strong>d<br />
B<strong>an</strong>g Pa-in<br />
Veunkham<br />
Kabin Buri<br />
Eyvoghli Jolfa<br />
Mengri<br />
B<strong>an</strong>gkok<br />
Poipet Trape<strong>an</strong>gkreal<br />
Cambodia Stung Treng<br />
Bitlis<br />
Astara<br />
Laem<br />
Chab<strong>an</strong>g<br />
Kratie<br />
Ar<strong>an</strong>yaprathet Phnom Penh<br />
Bien Hoa<br />
Bavet<br />
Chumphon Sih<strong>an</strong>oukville<br />
Moc Bai Ho Chi Minh<br />
Vung Tau<br />
Legend<br />
Asi<strong>an</strong> Highway Route<br />
Potential Asi<strong>an</strong> Highway Route<br />
Ferry Link<br />
Capital City<br />
UNITED NATIONS<br />
2011<br />
AH1<br />
AH86<br />
AH82<br />
AH5<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH82<br />
Source: ESCAP.<br />
AH5<br />
AH82<br />
AH82<br />
AH5<br />
AH81<br />
AH1<br />
AH81<br />
AH81<br />
AH6<br />
AH83<br />
AH1<br />
AH81<br />
AH81<br />
AH82<br />
AH84<br />
AH1<br />
AH85<br />
AH8<br />
AH84<br />
AH5<br />
AH82<br />
AH86<br />
AH70<br />
AH81<br />
AH8<br />
AH8<br />
AH8<br />
AH81<br />
AH8<br />
AH5<br />
AH5<br />
AH1<br />
AH8<br />
AH2<br />
AH63<br />
AH70<br />
AH8<br />
AH8<br />
AH63<br />
AH70<br />
AH2<br />
AH72<br />
AH63<br />
AH63<br />
AH70<br />
AH70<br />
RUSSIAN FEDERATION<br />
AH5<br />
AH78<br />
AH70<br />
AH7<br />
AH78<br />
AH61<br />
AH75<br />
AH2<br />
AH7<br />
AH6<br />
AH63<br />
AH5<br />
AH75<br />
AH77<br />
AH1<br />
AH71<br />
AH62<br />
AH62<br />
AH62<br />
AH7<br />
AH5<br />
AH62<br />
AH64<br />
AH61<br />
AH5<br />
AH5<br />
AH63 AH62<br />
AH7<br />
AH7<br />
AH67<br />
AH1<br />
AH7<br />
AH6<br />
AH7<br />
AH7<br />
ASIAN HIGHWAY ROUTE MAP<br />
AH7<br />
AH4<br />
AH64<br />
AH2<br />
AH5<br />
AH51<br />
AH60<br />
AH67<br />
AH7<br />
AH7<br />
AH66<br />
AH2<br />
AH60<br />
AH6<br />
AH60<br />
AH4<br />
AH47<br />
AH1<br />
AH47<br />
AH1<br />
AH47<br />
AH64<br />
AH60<br />
AH5<br />
AH43<br />
AH4<br />
AH68<br />
AH2<br />
AH67<br />
AH43<br />
AH43AH43<br />
AH45<br />
AH43<br />
AH43<br />
AH1<br />
AH4<br />
AH4<br />
AH2AH2<br />
AH45<br />
AH44<br />
AH42<br />
AH1<br />
AH4<br />
AH41<br />
AH2<br />
AH1<br />
AH6<br />
AH41<br />
AH5<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH32<br />
AH42<br />
AH14<br />
AH1<br />
AH2<br />
AH25<br />
AH2<br />
AH1<br />
AH3<br />
AH2<br />
AH3<br />
AH3<br />
AH14<br />
AH3<br />
AH1<br />
AH12<br />
AH19<br />
AH19<br />
AH18<br />
AH14<br />
AH2<br />
AH25<br />
AH6<br />
AH5<br />
AH14<br />
AH1<br />
AH1 AH1<br />
AH11<br />
The designations employed <strong>an</strong>d the presentation of material on this map<br />
do not imply the expressing of <strong>an</strong>y opinion whatsoever on the part of the<br />
Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of <strong>an</strong>y country,<br />
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its<br />
frontiers or boundaries.<br />
Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu <strong>an</strong>d<br />
Kashmir agreed upon by India <strong>an</strong>d Pakist<strong>an</strong>. The final status of Jammu <strong>an</strong>d<br />
Kashmir has not been agreed upon by the parties.<br />
AH3<br />
AH11<br />
AH3<br />
AH1 AH1<br />
AH11<br />
AH32<br />
AH34<br />
AH6<br />
AH5<br />
AH3<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH2<br />
AH1<br />
AH30<br />
AH2<br />
AH1<br />
AH34<br />
AH5<br />
AH6<br />
AH3<br />
AH32<br />
AH31<br />
AH31<br />
AH30<br />
AH26<br />
AH1<br />
AH31<br />
AH31<br />
AH33<br />
AH1<br />
AH6<br />
AH30<br />
AH6<br />
AH1<br />
AH26<br />
AH6<br />
AH26<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH6<br />
AH1<br />
AH30<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH14<br />
AH1<br />
AH2<br />
Kyaing Tong<br />
AH2<br />
AH2<br />
AH13<br />
AH1<br />
AH3<br />
AH3<br />
AH1<br />
AH19<br />
AH3<br />
AH16<br />
AH12<br />
AH1<br />
AH12<br />
AH12<br />
AH12<br />
AH19<br />
AH13<br />
AH11<br />
AH15<br />
AH16<br />
AH1<br />
AH11<br />
AH14<br />
AH15<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH11<br />
AH1<br />
AH14<br />
AH16<br />
AH11<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH1<br />
AH1
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