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Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-CHIU LIAO Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute 199 Hou-Ih Rd., Keelung 20220 Taiwan HSI-CHIANG LIU Institute of Oceanography College of Science National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan I-Chiu Liao and Hsi-Chiang Liu. 1989. Exotic aquatic species in Taiwan, p. 101-118. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec, Pubi. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. There are 38 aquatic species known to have been introduced to Taiwan. The earliest introductions were probably those of the Cyprinidae family, although documentation to this effect is lacking. Other more recently introduced species, like the tilapias, are relatively well documented. Some of the introduced species have been successfully cultured. The introductions are discussed and, where information is available, a more detailed history, including problems, if any, is presented. The problem of the lack of consolidated information is also discussed. Distances in the world today have shrunk considerably due to the improvements in transportation and communication technology. Under such conditions, many species of aquatic organisms have been transferred to regions of the world where they are not naturally occurring. The term "exotic" species refers to any species introduced by man from a foreign land (McCann 1984). This should not be confused with "transplanted" species - native species moved by man into an ecosystem outside their native range, but still within their country of origin, and with "nonnative" species - any species introduced by man into an ecosystem outside its original native range, including both exotic and transplanted (McCann 1984). Of special interest in this report are exotic aquatic species known to have been introduced to Taiwan at different times. However, it would be useful to mention at this point, the particular case of two species in Taiwan, which would be hard to categorize in the context of the above definitions. One is Penaeus monodon or grass prawn. This species is native to Taiwan, but since insufficient spawners were available locally, about a decade ago, Taiwan began importing great numbers of adult P. monodon from neighboring countries, like the Philippines and Malaysia, and induced these adults to spawn. Most of the P. monodon that have been cultured here were spawned from adults obtained from abroad. The other is Plecoglossus altivelis, commonly known as "sweet fish" or "ayu". It is an indigenous species in Taiwan, but became extinct in the 60's. It only began repopulating local waters when Japan introduced it several years hence. Perhaps in the future, more accurate and exact definitions of such terms should be formulated and internationally agreed upon - to cover special cases such as that of P. monodon and P. altivelis. 101
102 Table 1 lists various species known to have been introduced to Taiwan at different times. An assessment of the status of these species, based on five criteria, is presented in Table A.II.8, in the Appendices to this volume. This assessment table (as well as Table 1) was limited to major food fishes only, as this was the focus of the workshop in which this report was presented. However, a list of ornamental fishes introduced into the country is given in Annex I. Status of Introduced Species Many of the exotic aquatic species introduced into Taiwan, such as the tilapias, have been greatly beneficial. A few, like the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, and the apple snail, Ampullarius insularu,n, have caused serious damage to the local environment. The more information is documented on introductions of exotic species, the easier it will be to monitor their consequences and the government will be able to manage the country's fisheries resources and aquaculture industry better. It is regrettable that the history of introductions of exotic aquatic species into Taiwan has not been well recorded. This report is the result of an initial effort to collect and compile whatever information is available from various, scattered sources. It is far from complete. Hopefully, other colleagues can gradually build upon the modest foundation that it has attempted to lay down. Gambusia affinis Finfish Gambusia affinis or topminow was introduced from North America to Taiwan in the early 20's. It is generally accepted that this species was introduced to control malaria. It spread all over Taiwan as a wild fish and also came to be considered as a good experimental fish. Oreochromis mossambicus Oreochromis mossambicus or Mozambique tilapia was originally imported from Indonesia by the Japanese in 1944, when Taiwan was still under the Japanese occupation. However, its culture failed. In 1946, it was brought back into the country under rather peculiar circumstances, and not as a deliberate introduction for scientific research or culture purposes. Two Taiwanese men named Wu and Kuo had been commissioned as Japanese soldiers during the Second World War. When the war was over, and they were released from military service, they returned home to Taiwan with several 0. mossambicus which they took from Singapore as souvenirs, of which 13 survived. Since then, this species of tilapia was cultured successfully and became very popular in Taiwan. In memory of its "accidental" introducers, it was called "Wu-Kuo yu", yu being the Chinese word for fish. It is true that this species has a number of weak features. For instance, it is not very resistant to low temperature, it spawns too fast, and when it matures, its color turns black, making it quite unattractive and not so acceptable to consumers. But because it grows fast, produces a high yield, and is a sturdy fish, it was readily accepted by the Taiwanese fish farmers and consumers as a cheap and available source of protein immediately following World War II. This fact is to be
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
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22 The terminology associated with
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24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
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26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
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28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
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30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
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32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
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34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
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36 1973. It has been cultured in so
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38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
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40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
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42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
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Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
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Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
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Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145: Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
Page 146 and 147: (two more to be co-opted) was appoi
Page 148 and 149: Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
Page 150 and 151: Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
Page 152 and 153: Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
Page 154 and 155: Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
Page 156 and 157: Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159: Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161: Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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