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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand TWESUKDI PIYAKARNCHANA Department of Marine Science Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand Piyakamchana, T. 1989. Exotic aquatic species in Thailand, p. 119-124. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub!. 3, 154p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. The first record of an exotic aquatic species in Thailand can be traced back to Ayudhaya period of about the year 1691-1692. At present there are about 15 species of fishes which were introduced for aquaculture purposes. Among them only a few are confirmed as reproducing in the natural habitats. The exotic species in the aquarium trade on the contrary were reported to increase rapidly from 69 species in 1963 to about 92 in 1988. Only 3 fish diseases were recorded to come from these exotic species. Records on the real impact to the natural ecosystem from the introduced species are scarce. The introduction of exotic fish into Thailand dates back to the Ayudhaya Period probably around the years 1691-1692 (Amatayakul 1957). However, not until 1953, was a royal decree, which prohibited the introductions of many exotic species of animals and plants, proclaimed and implemented. The purposes of introducing exotic animals and plants into Thailand are at least three fold; for consumption, for aquaculture, and for home aquarium and exhibition purposes. The major countries from which these exotic animals are exported into Thailand are Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Hongkong, Philippines, Burma and The United Kingdom. Some countries frequently act as middlemen. At present, the trading aquarium exotic species, especially fish, is very popular in Thailand. Historical Background There are three periods in which the exotic aquatic animals were introduced into Thailand. The first period was before 1953 in which three species of Chinese carps, grass, bighead and silver carps were introduced, mostly by the Chinese immigrants, for aquaculture purposes. These fish carried parasites such as anchor worm (Lernaea sp.) cotton wool disease (Saprolegina sp.), and fish louse (Argulus sp.). These fish, in the latter dates, were widely spread all over the country, and the parasites and associated diseases spread with them. There are no reliable records on the degree of the destruction by these diseases to the native species. The second period was during 1953-1982. This period was based on the time of the first proclamation of the Royal Decree called "The Prevention on the introduction of certain freshwater fishes, 1953." 119
120 This decree prohibited the introduction of cyprinids into the country without permission. It also required the introducer to present evidence that they were free from certain diseases. The third period is from 1983 to the present time. There was an amendment of the Royal Decree in 1982 and it was made law in 1983. The main reason for this amendment was to stop the wide outbreak of the so called "ulcerous fish diseases" in this country during 1983. The diseases which were found to be caused by certain viruses suspected to have been introduced through exotic aquarium fish. The decree which is still in use prohibited the introduction of aquatic organisms of freshwater and marine origin. They include the following: Fish - 176 species. Other aquatic animals (e.g., crabs, corals, molluscs and others) - 21 species. Algae - 16 species. Aquarium Purposes Introductions A compilation of exotic aquarium species is given in Tables la and lb. Because of the insufficient records available from Government agencies and the private sector, information is not available on the dates and country of introduction, and it is impossible to complete the list and details of historical and the present status of most species. The first record on 1)0th local and introduced fish species was made by Chuensri (1963). Among these exotic fishes, the goldfish (Carassius auratus) is claimed to be the oldest. It had been introduced in Thailand (then called Siam) in 1692-1697, during the Audhaya Period (Amatayaku 1957). The second introductory period of the aquarium fishes started about 70 years ago. The Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, and the Ministry of Public Health, jointly introduced the mosquito eating fishes (Gambusia spp.), for malaria control. This species is now widely distributed in natural waters especially in the urban region of the big cities in Thailand. It is also recognized that of all exotic fishes, the cichlids are the most popular. The second priority are those of the Family Cyprinidae. For Aquaculture Purposes Of the 36 species of fishes cultured in Thailand, about 15 species are introduced, and are listed in Table 2. It could be dated back to the year 1912 when common carp, Cyprinus CarplO was introduced from China. The Chinese grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and bighead (Aristichthys nobilis) were introduced by Chinese immigrants in 1932. At least two species e.g., trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Amago salmon (O,i.chorhynchus rhodurus) were introduced to Thailand for experimental purposes in the highland development project in the northern part of Thailand.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
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22 The terminology associated with
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24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
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26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
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28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
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30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
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32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
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34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
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36 1973. It has been cultured in so
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38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
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40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
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42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
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Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
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Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
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Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
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Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
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Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
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Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
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58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
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60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
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62 Indonesia includes three differe
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64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145: Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
Page 146 and 147: (two more to be co-opted) was appoi
Page 148 and 149: Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
Page 150 and 151: Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
Page 152 and 153: Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
Page 154 and 155: Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
Page 156 and 157: Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159: Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161: Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
Page 162 and 163: Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
Page 164 and 165: Appendix V Existing Legislation or
Page 166: TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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