Exotic Aquatic Organisms - International Development Research ...

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Table 1. Salinonids introduced into India. Common Name Scientific Name Year of Country of Introduction Origin Brown trout Salmo fru!tafario 1863-1900 U.K. Loch Leven trout Salmo 1evensac 1863 U.K. Rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri 1909 Sri'Lanka, Germany, New Zealand Rainbow trout (Golden variety) Salnw gairdneri 1968 Japan Tiger trout Salmo truttafario SalvelinusfontinalLs 1969 Japan Sockeye salmon Onchorhyncus nerka 1970 Canada Albino trout Sairno gairdneri 1974 Japan Steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri- U.K. & Sri irideus Lanka Rainbow trout (Shasta strain) Salmo gairdneri shasta 1941 U.K. Eastern brook trout Salvelinusfontinalis Canada Splake trout Salvelinus namaycisshx SalvelinusfontinalLr Canada Atlantic salmon Salmo solar North America Table 2. Introduced food and larvicidal fishes into Indian waters. Common Name Scientific Name Year of Country of Introduction Origin Golden carp Carassiiss carassius 1870 U.K. Tench Tinca tinca 1870 U.K. Gourami Osphronemus goramy 1865 Mauritius 1916 Java Scale carp Cyprinus carpio var comniunis 1939 Sri Lanka Mirror carp Cyprinus carpio var specularis 1939 Sri Lanka Leather carp Cyprinus carpio var nudus 1939 Sri Lanka Bangjcok strain Cyprinus carpio var communis 1957 Thailand Silver carp Hypophtha!michthys 1959 Japan Grass carp ,nolitrix Ctenopharyngodon idella 1959 Hong Kong Tawes Puntisssjavanicus 1972 Indonesia Java tilapia Oreochronric 1952 Thailand & mossambicus Sri Lanka Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis Barbados millions Lebistes reticulatiss 1908 South America Top minnow Gambusia affins 1928 Italy 47
48 for a few years. The species attains over one kg in weight and breeds in ponds, like common carp. However, with the introduction of common carp, with which it shares a common habitat, the fishery of golden carp has dwindled drastically. Common carp The Prussian strain of common carp introduced in Nilgiris in 1939 from Sri Lanka consisted of three varieties (Table 2). Since the Prussian strain was mainly suited for cul:ure in cold climates, the Bangkok strain of common carp was introduced from Bangkok in 1957 for culture in plains. However, both strains are now widely cultured throughout the country. The common carp is one of the species usually included in composite carp culture in India. Its proportion varies from 10-30%, depending on the type of culture. The food habits of common carp are similar to those of mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), a species commonly included in composite culture. The common carp has been found to be more suitable for sesona1 water bodies. Under Indian conditions, the fish attains an average weight of 0.6-1.0 kg in the first year and matures when it is just 6-8 months old. It breeds naturally even in impoundments. Even though common carp has been introduced into most of the reservoirs and lakes in the country, it is well established only in a few of these water bodies. On the other hand, it is believed that the common carp is responsible for the sharp decline in the abundance of Schizothorax spp. in Dal Lake in Kashmir and Osteobrama belangeri in Loktak Lake in Manipur (Das 1988). Silver carp The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, was introduced with the objective of filling up a vacant ecological niche in the pond culture system (Tripathi 1958). This fish occupies the surface - column zones of a pond and feeds voraciously on phytoplankton. In its native habitat in China, it matures in 4-6 years (Kuronuma 1968), but does not breed naturally even after hormone injection in India and needs to be stripped about 6-8 hr after the second injection. The silver carp has become one of the major controversial species in Indian aquaculture. Though the species was considered to be ecologically non-competitive with Indian major carps, long experience in culture has shown that it competes with catla to some extent. The species is usually stocked at 20-30% in composite culture, and its contribution to total production is usually higher than its stocking percentage. Its poor keeping quality and market value, coupled with its competition with other species, have raised some doubts about its suitability in composite culture. Apart from its declining popularity in culture practices, the species has caused concern to ecologists by its presence in Gobindasagar (10,500 ha) reservoir in Himachal Pradesh. From 1974 the silver carp started appearing in increasing numbers and in 1986-87 it contributed 46.5% to the total catch (Table 3). This clearly indicates that the species has established itself in the reservoir. Significantly, with the increasing contribution of silver carp, catla and rohu catches have declined sharply. In addition, the total catch of the reservoir has also declined, possibly indicating the negative effect of silver carp on other fish. The introduction of silver carp into Kulgarhi reservoir has led to similar resulis (Natarajan 1988).
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
Page 5 and 6:
The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This special publicati
Page 9 and 10: help to promote national awareness
Page 11 and 12: Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 13 and 14: 2 taken as the basis for the introd
Page 15 and 16: 4 with respect to other introductio
Page 17 and 18: 6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
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Status of Introduced Species in Sri
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
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appreciated in the context of the w
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However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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