Exotic Aquatic Organisms - International Development Research ...

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Other introductions did not make much impact and these were not regarded by Filipinos as significant in terms of benefits and adverse effects. The introduction of Ictalurus catus, Ictalurus punctatus, Lepomis macrochirus, Misgurnus auguillicaudatus (bach), Puntius javanicus, Osphronemus gorami and others for a time created some interest but did not affect the environment as much as other introductions. The Ictalurus species did not survive in natural conditions in the Philippines and no natural population is known. Lepomis (bluegill) is believed to have survived in some reservoirs at high elevations and serves as forage fish for the M. salmoides. The Japanese bach (Mis gurnus anguillicaudatus) established itself in some waters in Trinidad Valley and rice terraces in Bontoc Province but has not had any negative effect. Puntius (tawes) and Osphronemus (giant gouramy) for a while became known as good aquaculture species but eventually lost out to other more favorable and acceptable species for freshwater famiing. The introductions of other cyprinid species in the Philippines and tilapia species have made more impact economically for the Philippines than the other exotics. All available commercial species of cyprinids in the country except in Lake Lanao are considered exotic species. Even the presence of the varieties of goldfishes and carps for aquaria are exotic species but records of their introduction do not exist. The aquarium fish industry benefits from these species. Cyprinus carpio (common carp), and Chinese and Indian carps (such as grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, rohu, catla, mud carp, and mrigal) have been introduced into the Philippines. Several Chinese carps and rohu have become a part of natural populations of lakes and reservoirs and contribute to natural fish production. Many have become important cultured species such as the common carp, bighead, silver carp and grass carp particularly for pen culture in Laguna de Bay and freshwater ponds. Since they can be artificially bred, their domestication has helped the freshwater aquaculture industry. Oreochromis niloticus is now an important freshwater fish cultured in pens, cages and ponds. Among the exotic anabantids in the Philippines, Trichogater pectoralis and T. trichopterus have thrived well in lakes. They have been accepted by consumers inland where marine species hardly influence their preference for fish. Other <strong>Exotic</strong> <strong>Aquatic</strong> Species in the Philippines Nonpiscine aquatic introductions are not weil recorded but mention will be made of them. In the recent past Ampularia gigas (golden miracle snail) generated interest as a cultured species that can thrive in tanks and even small containers when fed with vegetable materials. They breed in the culture containers and grow at a fast rate. Its success was temporary and many now consider it as a pest in rice paddies because they feed on young rice plants. Cristaria plicata, a big freshwater clam, all of a sudden appeared as a natural population in the 1970s in Laguna de Bay. It is claimed that the clam may have been accidentally introduced into the lake as glochidia in the gills of imported Chinese carps stocked in the lake. Crassostrea gigas is believed to have been introduced in Pangasinan by Mr. Ablan from Japan. Its culture was studied but without much success. Penaeid shrimps were also introduced into the Philippines (Iloilo) for aquaculture. It is claimed that two species, Penaeus stylirostris and P. vanamei from Latin America when introduced to the Philippines, may also have introduced diseases to local penaeid species. Table 1 summarizes the exotic aquatic species in the Philippines. The data may not be complete as some of the old records are hard to trace. 85
86 Discussion and Recommendations Experiences in the past have revealed that many aquatic species have been introduced into the Philippines from other countries either through government efforts or through efforts of private individuals, with or without the concurrence of the Government. Such introductions of exotic aquatic species, mostly fishes and invertebrates, proved beneficial to food production efforts of the Government but in some instances resulted in adverse environmental impacts; the introduced species becoming pests to other crops, new diseases being introduced, with exotic species, and indigenous species being completely dominated or displaced. It also seems apparent from the past that the Government has failed to control and study the negative effects that such introductions would entail, with accidental releases in natural waters taking place. Fortunately, epidemics caused by parasites and diseases accompanying introductions have not yet taken place. Despite many undesirable turns of events from exotic aquatic introductions, adoption of strict government policies on importation of exotic species has been paid only lip service during meetings and workshops. In view of the above, it is recommended that the Government adopts and implements policies, or even enact laws, that will strictly prevent the ill effects of introduction of exotic species into the country. Priority consideration should be given to indigenous and endemic species for utilization to increase fish production in natural waters and in aquaculture before considering exotic species for such purposes. It is proposed that the following be considered as guidelines in the importation of exotic aquatic species into the country: A thorough study of utilizing indigenous/endemic species be made Ibr whatever purposes/objectives have been planned before any decision to introduce an exotic species is made. If and when a decision to import an exotic species is made, a thorough study of its biology, results of introduction in other countries, and the effects of such introduction on local species and the environment should be undertaken before actual importation is made. ImportatiOn of the exotic species from a very reliable source, preferably from a research organization where diseases have been controlled and the genetic constitution of the species is guaranteed, should be ensured. On arrival of the imported species, strict quarantine measures should be undertaken. It is desirable that no organisms are released into natural waters or to private individuals until the F1 generation or F2 generation has been produced, and which has been given a clean bill of health by pathologists. Introduction of exotic species in natural waters should be properly monitored and done gradually in one or two areas before any introductions into major natural waters are made.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
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22 The terminology associated with
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24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
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26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
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28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
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30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
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32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145: Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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