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The Status of Introduced Fish Species in Malaysia K.J. ANG Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Serdang, Selangor R. GOPINATH Department of Fisheries TKT 8 Wisma Tani, Jin. Mahameru Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia T.E. CHUA International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management MC P.O. Box 1501 Makati, Metro Manila Philippines Ang, KJ., R. Gopinath and T.E. Chua. 1989. The Status of introduced fish species in Malaysia, p. 71-82. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Pubi. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. The fate of introduced fish in Malaysia was traced with special reference to their abilities to establish in local conditions. Of the dozen food fish introduced into Malaysia, only Trichogasser pectoral is, Punt ius gonionotus, tilapias and Clarias macrocephalus were able to establish successfully. Other species were able to grow well in local environment but were not able to propagate naturally. Introduced fishes contribute 88% to total freshwater aquaculture production and 72% to total freshwater fish production. Some diseases found with introduced fish are recorded. Existing laws governing importation of exotic species are examined. The term "exotic" species has been defined as the introduction of an organism by man from a foreign country outside the native range of that species (Kohier and Stanley 1984; Kohler 1986). The same authors defined "introduced" aquatic species as a plant or animal moved from one place to another by humans (i.e., an individual, group or population of organisms that occurs in a particular locale as a result of human intervention). These two terms have been used loosely. For the purpose of this paper, the term "introduced" is used to include species introduced from foreign countries also. Malaysia is endowed with a tropical climate, productive marine and terrestial ecosystems, and great species diversity. A large number of fish species has been recorded (Scott 1959; Johnson 1961; Chua 1978; Mohsin and Ambak 1983). Many are commercially important and most have been heavily exploited. Many species were introduced to Malaysia in the early 19th century either by Chinese immigrants for sentimental reasons or by fisheries officials trying to provide development of 71
72 what they perceived as economically useful species. Species introductions have never been a major government thrust because of the availability and abundance of indigenous species. The main concerns about the fish introductions are the risks associated with any one or all of the following problems as listed by Welcomme (1986): - contamination of existing natural communities with foreign species, - the introduction of disease, - the direct disruption of the fish community through competition or predation, the genetic degradation of the host stock, the degradation of the environment by the introduced species, and - the disruption of human lifestyles, customs or economic systems. It is difficult to find a country in Asia whose natural fish communities are not contaminated by introduced species. The risks of disease transfer, genetic and environmental degradation as well as disruption to the natural fish communities can, however, be reduced if not prevented if appropriate precautionary measures are observed. The objectives of this paper are to trace the fate of introduced fish in Malaysia and to assess their possible ecological or biological impact. Fate of Introduced Species Available records show that fish introductions in Malaysia were initiated in the early 19th century along with the immigration of the southern Chinese who brought along the techniques of fish farming. Fingerlings of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon ide/la), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Welcomme 1981; Mohsin and Ambak 1983) were raised in mud ponds and unused mining poois. The snakeskin gouramy (Trichogaster pectoralis) was introduced either in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century and established itself in paddy fields, irrigation canals and freshwater swamps, forming an important fishery. After World War II, a few more species were introduced by the Department of Fisheries, private organizations and individuals. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was introduced in 1944 from Java. This species rapidly established itself in freshwater as well as in brackish water. In 1979, 0. niloticus was introduced from Thailand and in 1980, red tilapia hybrids were brought in from Taiwan. These two species/varieties are of better quality for aquaculture purposes and they are now popularly cultured in freshwater ponds and mining pools. In the 1L950's catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) was introduced and soon became a strong competitor with indigenous species (Clarias batrachus). The Javanese carp, Puntius gonionotus, was successfully introduced into Malaysia in 1958 (Table 1). The Department of Fisheries also introduced the Indian major carps in the 1960's, particularly catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala) and rohu (Labeo rohita). Like most Chinese carps, these species do not breed in captivity under local conditions. Their culture is dependent on imported fingerling supply. Etroplus suratensis was introduced in 1975 from Sri
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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