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appreciated in the context of the widespread poverty and hunger, which were the aftermath of the war. Other specimens were imported in 1981 from the Republic of South Africa (RSA) for the purpose of studying cross-breeding. In Taiwan, this species was initially crossed with 0. niloticus male. The result is a popular hybrid with rapid growth, large size and much better appearance (Kuo 1969). The Taiwanese call this hybrid "fu so yu", fu so meaning "lucky, longlife". Salmo gairdneri Salmo gairdneri or rainbow trout was first introduced from Japan in 1957. Three thousand fertilized eggs of this species were released into a reservoir, where most probably perished. In 1959 and 1960, 200,000 'eyed' eggs were introduced (each year), but again, all perished. Finally, in 1961, 50,000 'eyed' eggs were imported, hatched and reared to adult stage at Ma-Lin, a research station of the Lukang Branch of the Taiwan Fisheries <strong>Research</strong> Institute TFRI) (Chen 1976). This hatchery has been in operation from that time until the present. Aside from this research hatchery, a number of commercial hatcheries for this species also currently exist in Taiwan. The difficulties encountered in its culture in Taiwan have to do mainly with the need for an adequate cold water supply. It commands a good price, but the volume of production is limited by the lack of appropriate culture areas, i.e., those with abundant supply of cold water, and this also limits expansion. Tilapia zulu Introduced from RSA in 1963 by Tang, Tilapia zulu or redbelly tilapia never gained much popularity due to its small size, slow growth and aggressive behavior towards other fish (Chen 1976; Liao and Chen 1983). Also, it does not taste very good and is not suited for polyculture. The main reason for its introduction was to cross-breed it with 0. rnossambiciis. T. zulu is relatively cold-resistant as compared with 0. mossambicus, and it was hoped that a more coldresistant hybrid would result. Sixteen fish had been introduced but the species never did become popular for culture. 0. niloticus 0. niloticus or Nile tilapia was introduced from Japan by Yu and Imai in 1966 (Chen 1976; Liao and Chen 1983). Fifty-six individuals were originally introduced. By itself, 0. niloticus makes a fine culture species, and it also produces good results when crossed with 0. mossambicus. But so far, the best result is achieved when it is crossed with 0. aureus males; predominantly male and much larger offspring are produced. 103
104 Pangasius sutchi Pan gasius sutchi or pangasius catfish was introduced from Thailand in 1969 by Ling (Chen 1976). It cannot tolerate the cooler climate of Taiwan, but it has high tolerance for low oxygen content. It is quite palatable and larger than the local species of catfish, Clarias fuscus. Also, it has a very efficient conversion rate, even if it is given only tilapia feed. However, its acceptability has suffered somewhat because people mistake it for the sea catfish, Anus maculatus (Thunberg), which closely resembles it in appearance , but which is of much poorer quality. After its introduction, it was experimentally cultured at a government-run pilot farm. At present, though, it has come to be used more as an ornamental fish than a food fish. Clarias batrachus Clarias batrachus or walking catfish was introduced in 1972 from Thailand (Chen 1976). It is known for its fast growth rate. One fish can reach up to 2 kg in one year. Although C. batrachus is also generally regarded as a pest (Welcomme 1984), it has nonetheless achieved considerable popularity. It has apparently cross-bred with the native species C. fuscus, resulting in a hybrid that has spread all over Taiwan, to such an extent that C. fuscus is now in danger of extinction. 0. aureus 0. aureus or blue tilapia was introduced from Israel in 1974 by Liao, Huang and Tseng with the assistance of Pruginin (Chen 1976; Liao and Chen 1983). The 83 specimens imported were intended for obtaining all-male offspring when crossed with 0. niloticus females. The resulting hybrid is now the tilapia mainly cultured in Taiwan; it provides a fine example of success achieved with exotic aquatic species. Annual production of this hybrid currently.exceeds 50,000 tonnes. Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus or channel catfish was introduced from the U.S.A. in the mid 70's. However, the warmer climate in Taiwan is not very suitable for its culture. It is also very sensitive to water quality, such as that resulting from pollution. Not being so popular, this species is no longer cultured. Anguilla anguilla Anguilla anguilla or European or French eel was introduced to Taiwan around 1976 (Chen 1976). It is native to Europe and at the time of its introduction, it was considered as a promising species for culture. Although A. japonica, the native species, is a good culture species, and the technology for raising it was well understood by the local aquaculturists, the inability to produce adequate quantities of this species prompted the introduction of A. anguilla.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
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22 The terminology associated with
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24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
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26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
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28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
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30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
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32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
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34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
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36 1973. It has been cultured in so
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38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
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40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
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42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
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Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
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Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
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Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
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Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145: Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
Page 146 and 147: (two more to be co-opted) was appoi
Page 148 and 149: Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
Page 150 and 151: Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
Page 152 and 153: Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
Page 154 and 155: Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
Page 156 and 157: Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159: Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161: Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
Page 162 and 163: Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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