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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics The 1986 ASFA Thesaurus gives a "scope note" or "rough definition" of introduced species as "Establishment in a new geographical area of a species by migration or artificial transportation." The same Thesaurus gives a "rough definition" of transplantation as "Artificial" introduction of organisms into habitats where they do not occur naturally. The ASFA Thesaurus does not use the word exotic. Welcomme, R.L. 1988. (International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Tech. Pap. 294, 318 p.) follows the 1987 EIFAC Code of Practice, which used these definitions. Introduced species (includes both non-indigenous and exotic species): Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released by man into an environment outside its present range. Transferred species (includes transplanted species): Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released within its present range. "Transfers are usually intended to support stressed populations, introduce genetic diversity into a stock or to reestablish a species whose stocks have failed locally. Introductions are intended to insert a totally new element into the fauna". Welcomme commented, "One reservation is made with respect to these definitions in that a species is considered to have been introduced to a country once it has crossed national boundaries. This means that species are included in the listing if they are transported into a country as part of current commercial practice for food or ornament and not for stocking into natural environments. Experience has shown that even such species may have impacts through the release of pathogens or through escape." Marine species: Any aquatic species that does not spend its entire life cycle in fresh water. Introduced species (= non-indigenous species; includes both non-indigenous and exotic species): Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released by man into an environment outside its present range. Transferred species (= transplanted species): Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released within its present range. Quarantined species: Any species held in a confined or enclosed system that is designed to prevent any possibility of the release of the species, or any of its diseases or any other associated organisms into the environment. 139
140 In the article "Strategies for reducing risk from introductions of aquatic organisms" by C.C. Kohler (Fisheries 11(2): 2-3 (1986)), the definitions used, which were those of Shafland, P.L. and W.M. Lewis 1984 (Terminology associated with introduced organisms. Fisheries 9(4): 17- 18), were explained thus: For the present purposes, the terminology associated with introduced organisms follows that of Shafland and Lewis (1984). They define introduced as a plant or animal moved from one place to another by man (i.e., an individual, group, or population cr organisms that occur in a particular locale due to man's actions). They define exotic as an organism introduced from a foreign country (i.e., one whose entire range is outside the country where found), and a transplant as an organism moved outside its native range but within a country where it occurs naturally (i.e., one whose native range includes at least a portion of the country where found). The above terminology was adopted by the AFS Exotic (Introduced) Fish Section, but not without some debate. There is some disagreement with respect to the "fish nationality" context inherent within the terminology. Some scientists argue that since fish can't possibly recognize national boundaries that the inclusion of "nationality" in terminology should be avoided. On the other hand, man does recognize national boundaries, and since a fishery is defined as a system composed of habitat, biota and man (Lackey 1974), the "nationality" usage would seem to have validity. The term introduction implies man's involvement (Kohier and Stanley 1984), and therefore should not be confused with natural migratory or invasionary movements. Fortunately, the definition quandary can be effectively resolved by referring to "introduced species" (exotics and transplants) when dealing with the topic in an ecological context, and incorporating the "political" terminology when addressing the international concerns.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
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22 The terminology associated with
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24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
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26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
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28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
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30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
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32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
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34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
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36 1973. It has been cultured in so
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38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
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40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
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42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
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Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
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Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
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Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
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Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
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Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
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Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
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58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
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60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
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62 Indonesia includes three differe
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64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
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68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
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70 From this historical review, it
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72 what they perceived as economica
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74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
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76 While it is likely that at the o
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78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
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80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
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82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
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84 long time ago as shown by the fa
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86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145: Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
Page 146 and 147: (two more to be co-opted) was appoi
Page 148 and 149: Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
Page 152 and 153: Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
Page 154 and 155: Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
Page 156 and 157: Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159: Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161: Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
Page 162 and 163: Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
Page 164 and 165: Appendix V Existing Legislation or
Page 166: TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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