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Appendix II Assessment of the Impact of Major Food Fish Species Introduced into Some of the Asian Countries The Workshop decided upon five criteria, admittedly not all of them easily evaluable nor objective, as the most appropriate means of assessing the success of the major food fish species introductions on the information available presently. The five criteria are as follows: the introduced species is self-reproducing in natural waters and/or easily bred under hatchery conditions in the host country, the introduced species has resulted in an increase in production, the introduced species has not been responsible for transmission and/or introduction of a new disease, the introduced species has not endangered any of the indigenous fish species, and the introduced species has not had any detrimental/deleterious effects on any waters. On this basis a total of 58 species belonging to 15 families which are considered as food fish by each country were assessed, and the details are given in Tables All. 1-9. In certain instances a species considered as a food fish by one country may not be given a similar status by another. For example, Oreochromis mossambicus is not treated as a food fish in Australia and in Singapore. If a species has been introduced to all countries in Asia under review and is treated as a food fish by all, a total maximum score of 45 is possible. In this manner, the actual score for each species as a percentage of the maximum attainable was calculated (Table AII.1O). From the data presented it is therefore, evident that very few species have had an overall detrimental influence on the native flora and fauna. Also it should be borne in mind that in certain countries because of the prevailing socio-economic conditions and cultural preferences a species may be considered as a 'nuisance' or having a degradatory effect on the native fauna. A case in point is the role of 0. mossambicus in Indian waters; it is conceded there had been an increase in production, at least in some waters due to this species, and there is no firm evidence to show that it has brought about a decline in production or elimination of native species. In spite of these, the species is categorized as a 'nuisance' species. A similar trend of thought to be now developing with respect to Chinese bighead carp. Admittedly, it is difficult to remove these biases entirely, especially when the criteria of assessment of the success of a species are not fully objective. It is important for the readers to be aware of these apparent biases. It is also evident from the assessment tables of individual countries that few food fish introductions are associated with introduction of parasites and diseases. Most food fish introductions were made in the 1950's to late 1960's. It may be because a knowledge of 141
142 fish diseases was not well developed during this period and that some of the accidental introductions of parasites and diseases may have gone unnoticed or not attributed to the introduced species. Table All. 1. Assessment of the status of food fish species introduced into Australia. Species Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SALMONTDAE Salmo gairdneri + + Salmo trutta + + - Salvelinusfontinalis + + CYPRINIDAE Tinca tinca + + + Rutilusrsuilus + + - + PERCICHTHYIDAE Percafluviatilir + + - + The Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, forms the basis of a developing fisheiy, but salmon are confined at present to cages in the sea. Table AU.2. Assessment of the status of food fish species introduced into India. Species 1 2 Criteria 3 4 5, CYPRINIDAE Carassiuscarassius + - + + Cyprinss carpio var. communis + + + + - Cyprinuc carpio var. specularis + + + + - Cienopharyngodon idella + + + + + Hypophthalmichthys molitrix + + + - Puntiusjavanicus + - + - + CICHUDAE Oreochromis mossambicus + + OSPI-IRONEMTDAE Osphronemus goramy + - + + + SALMONIDAE Salmogairdneri + + + + + S.truttafacio + + + + +
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
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22 The terminology associated with
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24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
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26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
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28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
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30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
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32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
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34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
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36 1973. It has been cultured in so
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38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
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40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
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42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
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Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
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Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
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Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
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Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
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Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
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Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
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58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
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60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
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62 Indonesia includes three differe
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64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
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68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
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70 From this historical review, it
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72 what they perceived as economica
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74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
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76 While it is likely that at the o
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78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
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80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
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82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
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84 long time ago as shown by the fa
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86 Discussion and Recommendations E
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Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145: Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
Page 146 and 147: (two more to be co-opted) was appoi
Page 148 and 149: Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
Page 150 and 151: Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
Page 154 and 155: Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
Page 156 and 157: Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159: Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161: Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
Page 162 and 163: Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
Page 164 and 165: Appendix V Existing Legislation or
Page 166: TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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