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Salvinia molesta, a floating fern of South American origin, is another obnoxious weed infesting the Indian fishery waters. It was earlier noticed only in the backwaters of Kerala, but is now slowly spreading to other areas. Though it has been demonstrated that this fern could be controlled easily by spraying aqueous (1-2%) ammonia, the technique is not used widely because of certain inherent limitations. However, recent investigations have indicated the possibility of complete elimination of this weed using the insect Cyrtobagous salviniae (Jayanth 1987; Joy et al. 1985). Pistia stratiodes and Ipomea carnia, both of south American origin, are the two other obnoxious exotic weeds. Even though the present extent of infestation is much less compared to water hyacinth and Saivinia, there is need to contain it before they too pose a serious threat to fishery waters. As it is, 2-4 D has been found to be effective in controlling these weeds (Ramachandran and Prabhu 1988). Conclusions and Recommendations The deliberations of the Indian Branch of the Asian Fisheries Society at its Workshop on Exotics, April 1988, form the main basis for the conclusions and recommendations listed below. The Chinese carps have helped in increasing fish production to 10 t/halyear from composite fish culture, involving three Indian major carps and three exotic carps. However, as compared to the Indian carps, the consumer preference is rather low for the exotic carps, particularly the silver carp, because of its poor keeping quality. It is now known that silver carp competes with catla for food to some extent. The Chinese grass carp has proved most useful and efficient in the biological control of submerged weeds. It has also proved to be a good table fish. Under Indian conditions, it grows fast and can easily be maintained on any of the submerged aquatic weeds, terrestrial grasses and leaves of leguminous plants. The accidental introduction of silver carp into a few reservoirs has led to a sharp decline in the catla population, as well as total fish production. As the Prussian strain of common carp is the only species of exotic carp that can do well in upland waters, more emphasis is required to be given for its propagation in upland waters. In water bodies where tilapia has already gained a firm foothold, it should be possible to reduce its numerical dominance by continuous stocking of these water bodies with major carps. Some other species of tilapia are known to have better cultivable qualities than Oreochromis mossambicus. It may be desirable to consider introduction of some species into India purely for experimental purposes, to assess their suitability for culture under Indian conditions either by themselves or through the production of hybrids. There does not appear to be a need to introduce any new salmonids. Instead, good hatchery facilities should be developed for the existing species and more attention given to their genetic improvement, and prevent degradation of the ecology of trout streams because of pollution. Instead of introducing a number of species for different purposes, improvement of the genetic quality of the indigenous major carps should be given more attention. It is also necessary to regulate the introduction of exotic species into neighbouring countries, such as Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and Bangladesh through existing regional organizations, since such introduced species could easily cross over into Indian territory. 53
54 Some of the exotic aquarium fishes have established themselves very well in the country and have a good export demand. Therefore, it is imperative to initiate research on their breeding and mass culture to boost the export trade. A number of exotic aquatic weeds have already become a nuisance in the country's fishery waters. Concerted effort should, therefore, be made to develop suitable methods for their control and utilization. The reported illegal entry of fishes, such as the bighead carp and Oreochrornis niloticus into the country is required to be viewed seriously. Until such time that their utility i.s proven in controlled experiments, their trade and culture should be banned. No exotic fish, however successful elsewhere, should be introduced into Indian waters without first ascertaining their utility under controlled conditions. Even if an exotic fish competes with a commercially important indigenous fish, if in all respects the former is proven to be better such introductions could be possibly permitted, but steps must be taken to ensure that the indigenous species is not endangered. All introductions of exotic species must be controlled by a central agency like the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India or the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and no private agency should be permitted to import exotic species. At present, there is no proper quarantine procedure in respect of fish impor:ations. The common diseases now encountered in trout farms, viz. 'whirling' disease caused by Myxosoma cerebra/is and 'ich' disease caused by Ichthyophthirius multifihis are of exotic origin (Sreenivasan et al. 1988; Sehgal 1988). Similarly, the origin of a few parasites like Tripartiella spp. and Neoergasilus japonicus are traced to Chinese carps (Das and Halder 1988) Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop suitable quarantine facilities and to lay down a proper quarantine procedure. References Anil, K., I.P. Keshavanath and M.C. Nandeesha. 1986. Water hyacinth as a substitute for fish meal in carp diet. Paper prsented at the 7th International Symposium on Aquatic weeds, 15-19 September, Loughborough, England. Baskar, S.L, P.S.R. Reddy, B. Subramanian and RJ. Lazanis 1988. Exotic freshwater aquarium fishes and their role in the aqusrium fish trade of India I. Egg layers. Paper presented at the workshop on Exotic Aquatic Species in India, 25-26 April, Mangalore. Chandrasekaran, A. and A. Sreenivasan. 1988. Introduction of tilapia in Tami]nadu. Ibid. Chaudhuri, H., D.S. Murthy, R.K. Dey and P.V.G.K. Reddy. 1976. Role of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) in biclogical control of obnoxious aquatic weeds in India: a review, p. 3 15-322. In C.K. Varshney and J. Rzoska (eds.) Aquatic weeds in South-east Asia. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Das, P. 1988. Exotic fish germplasm resources in India and their conservation. Paper presented at the Workshop on Exotic Aquatic Species in India, 25-26 April, Mangalore. Dat, M.k. and D.P. Halder. 1988. Parasitc fauna of cultured exotic carps in India: its biological significance. Paper presented at the Workshop on Exotic Aquatic Species in India, 25-26 April, Mangalore. Ghosh, A., L.H. Rao and S.K. Saha. 1980. Culture prospects of Saroiherodon mossambicus in small ponds fertilized with lomestic sewage. Journal Inland Fisheries Society, India 12: 74-80. Ghosh, A., A. Ghesh, P.K. Chakraborthi and G.N. Chattopadhyay. 1988. Later calcarifer as a biocontrolling agent for Oreochi-mis mossambicus in sewage-fed impoundments. Paper presented at the Work shop on Exotic Aquatic Species in India, 25-26 April, Mangalore. Jayanth, K.P. 1987. Suppression of water hyacinth by the exotic insect Neochitina eichhorniae in Bangalore, India. Current Science 56: 494-495. Jayanth, K.P. 1987. Biological control of the water fern Sal vinia ,nolesta infesting a likely pond in Bangalore (India) by Cyrtcbagous salviniae. Entomophaga 32: 163-165. Thingran, A.G. 1984. Some considerations on introduction of tilapia into Indian Waters. Bulletin Bureau Fish Genetics Research, 34 p. Jhingran, A.G. 1985. The scope and limitations of introducing the bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson) in inland waters of India. Bulletin Bureau Fish Genetics Research, 18 p. Thingran, A.G. 1988. Status of exotic fishes in Indian capture fishery. Paper presented at the Workshop on Exotic Aquatic Species in India, 25-26 April, Mangalore. Jhingran, V.K. and R. Prasad. 1988. Impact of introduction of trout (Salrno truttafario and Salmo gairdneri) in Garhwal ]imalayas in India. Paper presented at the workshop on Exotic Aquatic Species in India, 25-26 April, Mangalore.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 13 and 14: 2 taken as the basis for the introd
Page 15 and 16: 4 with respect to other introductio
Page 17 and 18: 6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
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appreciated in the context of the w
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However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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