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Exotic Aquatic Species Introduction into Indonesia H. MUHAMMAD EIDMAN Faculty of Fisheries Bogor Agricultural University Darmaga Campus, Bogor Eidman, H.M. 1989, Exotic aquatic species introduction into Indonesia, p. 57-62. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proecedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Pubi. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. The knowledge on the biology of the large freshwater fish fauna of Indonesia is limited. Domestication of endemic species has not been done intensively. Introduction of exotic species started long time ago by the fish traders especially as ornamental fish. Intended introduction of aquatic species in later years was for aquaculture, ornamental purposes and mosquito eradication. Some introductions have been beneficial while others directly or indirectly disturb the ecosystems. Indonesia as an Indo - Australian archipelago consists of many islands, and spreads between Pacific and Indian oceans. It has a rich flora and fauna. This paper will deal mainly with freshwater organisms since introduction of marine organisms is limited, and sparsely documented. The freshwaters of the western part of Indonesia (Sunda region) which includes Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java are inhabited by more than 500 indigenous species of fish, 70 % of which belong to Ostariophysi and Labyrinthici, the dominant freshwater groups. Eastern Indonesia (Sahul region) which includes Irian Java has more than 100 fish species and is dominated by euryhaline species. Central Indonesia (Wallace region) which includes Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara is inhabited by some 50 fish species (Ondara 1982). Even the endemic fish fauna is numerous, but little is known of their life histories, which hampers their domestication. Instead of domesticating the local species, which of course needs more time and effort, people tended to take short cuts by introducing the already domesticated species available in the market. Some species improved the fisheries and aquaculture production while others were a failure. Present Status of Exotic Aquatic Species in Indonesia Information on the introduction of fish into Indonesia was reviewed by Schuster (1950). The major introductions are summarized in Table 1. The introductions into Indonesia are divisible into a number of eras. 57
58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic species into Indonesia. Date Species Source Remarks pre 1900 Cyprinus carpio Carassius' auratu.s China The exact yeal is not known, continuously introduced 1915 Ctenopharyngodon Malaysia and Accidental idella, Labeo molitorella Singapore 1920 Lebistes ret kul at us Unknown Malaria eradic ation; unsuccessful 1927 Tinca vulgaris (tench), Cyprinus Netherlands Inland Fisheris Department carpio (Galician race) 1929 Salmo trutta iridea (rainbow trout) Salmo Irutla fario Netherlands Inland Fisheries Department; unsuccessful (river trout) Salmo salar (salmon) Netherlands Gambusia affinis Cyprinus carpio Unknown Netherlands Accidental, mixed with local varieties (Frankish race) 1934 Trichoga.ster pectoralis (Regan) (Snake Skin Gouramy) Malaysia Inland Fisheries Department; Successful 1937 Salmo truttafario New Zealand Mr. Missegas (river trout) (EnglishmarL) unsuccessful 1939 Salmo trullafario Denmark Collaboration with Inland Fisheries Department Australia Oreochromis Unknown Found in the South mossambicus Peters coast of East Java by Mr. Mudjair 1949 Clenopharyngodon idella Thailand Inland Fisheries Department, Unsuccessful 1964 Clenopharyngodon idella Japan Introduced by Mr Rustami Djajsdiredja 1967 Hypophthalmkhlhys molitrix Japan ditto 1967 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Taiwan ditto 1969 Oreochromis nilolicus Taiwan ditto 1969 Arislichlhys nobilis Taiwan ditto 1969 Cirrhina ,nolitorella Taiwan ditto 1972 1986 1987 Pangasius sutchi Ictalurus punctalus (channel catfish) Carassius aural us (Koi) Thailand USA Taiwan ditto experimental purposes (RIFF)* experimental purposes Other Organisms Clarias gariepinu.s Unknown Fish dealer, (catfish) experimental Rana catesbiana Unknown Commercial, not (bullfrog) successful yet Eichhornia crassipes Unknown Wide spread (water hyacinth) Eucheuma cotton ii Philippines As aquaculture species, good results Serrasalmus sp. (pirranha) Unknown Fish trader, exterminated * REFF Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries (formerly: Inland Fisheries Department)
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
Page 17 and 18: 6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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