Exotic Aquatic Organisms - International Development Research ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Species in the Philippines ROGELIO 0. JULIANO Univesizy of the Philippines in the Visayas Iloilo City, Philippines RAFAEL GUERRERO Ill Philippine Councilfor Aquatic and Marine Research and Development College, Laguna, Philippines INOCENCIO RONQUILLO Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Quezon Blvd., Quezon City, Philippines Juliano, R.O., R. Guerrero ifi and I. Ronquillo. 1989. The introduction of exotic aquatic species in the Philippines, p. 83- 90. In S.S. Dc Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. Philippines is an archipelago with a number of islands, each with its characteristic flora and fauna. Aquatic organisms have been introduced into the Philippines mainly for increasing production, as a protein source for the poor. Not all the introductions, however, have been successful. Some of the introductions have had detrimental effects on the endemic fish fauna, particularly the cyprinid flock of Lake Lanao. Recommendations for possible future introductions are suggested. Aquatic species found in inland waters particulary in outlying lakes and rivers may remain isolated for a long period of time without interference from man. In an archipelago like the Philippines with numerous islands, the isolation of such aquatic species and even land species still occurs. Over the years, through man's interference, such isolation has been broken through introduction of new species, which may completely dominate and wipe out the endemic and/or indigenous aquatic species. Lake Lanao in the island of Mindanao has many endemic cyprinids and their taxonomy and genetics had aroused much interests. The stocking program of the Government with the view to increasing production from lakes accidentally introduced a freshwater, carnivorous goby (Glossogobius giuris) into Lake Lanao. The goby is now a predominant species in the lake and has been responsible for depleting the cyprinid populations in the lake. Herre (1924) states, "In the Philippines, Cyprinidae are apparently confined to Mindanao, Basilan and Tawi-Tawi, and to the Palawan biological province, where they occur on Balabac, Palawan, Busuanga and Mindoro". Herre continues to say that the Cyprinidae of Mindanao entered from Borneo over a Sulu Land bridge. The cyprinids of lake Lanao have been isolated a 83
84 long time ago as shown by the fact that three genera and all of the species of cyprinids living there are endemic to the Lake. Introduction of exotic species into the different islands from other islands of the country or from other countries, requires serious study and careful consideration, particulary on adverse effects such introductions may produce on endemic and indigenous species. Government should adopt strict policies and guidelines to regulate introduction of exotic species. Almost all aquatic introductions into the country were meant to benefit the country, through aquaculture, capture fisheries, or for biological control purposes. However, the benefits that were derived did not really outweigh the adverse effects that came about as a result of some of the introductions. There were introductions of exotic aquatic species that were done by individua:ls without the knowledge of the Government. Even in pet shops in Manila, exotic species of fishes can be found which were brought into the country without government clearence. Certain species that are or were available for purchase from pet shops or dubious sources are species of Serrasalmus (pirranha), Pangasius and other catfishes. Such exotic species fortunately are not yet found in the wild and are evidently confined as pets for the time being. No action on the part of the Government has been observed to regulate such introduction. Recorded Exotic Fish Species in the Philippines The first recorded introduction of an exotic fish species to the Philippines was in 1907 when Mr. Alvin Seale was authorized by the Philippine Insular Government to import from California, fingerlings of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Introductions as a food fish and for sport, were made in ponds and lakes specially in higher altitudes in the Mountain Province (Baguio City) and Caliraya Lake in Laguna Province. This species does very well in higher altitudes where temperatures are the same as subtropical zones. Luckily, this fish did not thrive in lowlands where many lakes abound. It is only in Lake Caliraya that M. salmoides is known to be doing well, at 700 meters above sea level, and in 1985 another related species, Micropterus salmoides floridanus was received as a gift from California and stocked in Caliraya Lake (a reservoir). Bass fishing tournaments are held in this reservoir regularly. Subsequently, other introductions of aquatic species, mostly fish, were made with reasons that varied from providing more food fish for the country in lakes and rivers, for aquaculture purposes, for biological control of undesirable species such as mosquitoes and weeds, for sport fishing and others. Some of the introductions became nightmares for aquatic-based industries like the brackishwater farming industry; for e.g., introduction of Mollienesia latipinna (molly) for the purpose of controlling malarial mosquitoes. The mosquito fish, however, became a pest in brackishwater ponds. Other fish species introduced for control of mosquitoes were Gambusia affinis, Poecilia reticulata and Fundulus heteroclitus. The introduction of Tilapia mossambica (Mossambique tilapia) was a real nightmare for brackishwater farming, competing for food in the farm with Chanos chanos (milkfish). The Mossambique tilapia is now an established species in brackishwater farms in the entire country. The Philippine freshwater catfish, Clarias macrocep ha/us, became completely dominated by an exotic species, C/arias batrachus, imported from Thailand during the craze for catfish farming patterned after the success in Thailand. Clarias batrachus now dominates natural populations in lakes and rivers and the indigenous C. macrocephalus can hardly be found in the markets nowadays. C. macrocephius has better qualities as a food fish compared to C. batrachus.
Page 1 and 2:
Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
Page 3 and 4:
Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
Page 5 and 6:
The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
Page 7 and 8:
Introduction This special publicati
Page 9 and 10:
help to promote national awareness
Page 11 and 12:
Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 13 and 14:
2 taken as the basis for the introd
Page 15 and 16:
4 with respect to other introductio
Page 17 and 18:
6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20:
8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22:
10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24:
12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26:
14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28:
16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30:
18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32:
20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34:
22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36:
24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38:
26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40:
28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42:
30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145:
Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
Page 146 and 147:
(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
Page 148 and 149:
Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
Page 150 and 151:
Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
Page 154 and 155:
Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
Page 156 and 157:
Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159:
Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161:
Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
Page 162 and 163:
Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
Page 164 and 165:
Appendix V Existing Legislation or
Page 166:
TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
show all

Exotic Aquatic Organisms - International Development Research ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?