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Decision for Effecting Introductions Very often decisions and or recommendations for introductions are made with a view to increasing the yield but on relatively meagre and often on less than adequate scientific knowledge. Turner (1982) advocated the introduction of zooplanktivorous clupeid Limnothrissa miodon into Lake Malai because he considered it to be a more efficient zooplankton predator than cyprinids and or other zooplanktivores found in Lake Malai. This view has been contested (Eccies 1985; McKaye et al. 1985). Eccles (1985) has attempted to show that Turner's conclusions were based on temperate examples and comparisons of lakes with wide differences in morphometry, climatic and chemical factors. Eccles (1985) pointed out that rehabilitation (social) of the existing fishery could be more cost effective and unlikely to have any deleterious effects on the lake and will result in an equally higher yield. In Asia, Soemarwoto and Costa-Pierce (1987) recommended the introduction of the clupeid Corica goniognathous from Thailand to fill the supposedly vacant pelagic, zooplankton feeding niche in the Jatilnuhur reservoir in the Indonesian island of Java. Later it transpired that the species referred to is Clupeichthys aesarnensis (Costa-Pierce 1988) and that this species is endemic to the Mekong system. This goes to show that enthusiasm and emotions seem to override scientific knowledge, which could be detrimental to the fishery as well as flora and fauna in the future. The two instances cited here also lead to the broad question of utilization of introductions to fill vacant niches in lacustrine waters. Admittedly, there are instances where such introductions as in the case of Lake Kariba, have been overtly successful. Asia has a paucity of natural lakes and consequently a poor lacustrine fish fauna (Fernando and Holcik 1982). There is increasing evidence that these artificial, lacustrine bodies get colonized by suitable indigenous riverine species such as by the freshwater clupeid in the case of Ubolratna in Thailand (Costa-Pierce 1988) and by indigenous cyprinids in the case of reservoirs in Sri Lanka (De Silva and Sirisena 1987), which could support profitable fisheries. It is apparent that at present most introductions are done with care and lot of scrutiny; but can we be satisfied? As pointed out by Pillay (1977) the era of haphazard and unplanned introductions is hopefully over. However, it is important to take into account that there has been a general degradation of the quality and quantity of the natural habitats of most aquatic organisms and more so of those species endemic to a particular region - an unavoidable consequence of development and human population growth. It is therefore, important to take such indirect factors also into account when planning aquatic introductions; should or should not the need for conservation of native species and fisheries be weighed against the development benefits of improved fish stocks? It is in this context that it would be desirable to develop a code of practice for aquatic introductions into Asia and not adopt those evolved elsewhere in their entireity. References Baluyut, E.A. 1983. Stocking and introduction of fish in lakes and reservoirs in the ASEAN countries. FAQ Fisheries Technical Paper 236: 82p. Barel, C.D.N. et al. 1985. Destruction of Fisheries in Africa's lakes. Nature 315 (2): 19-20. Bhukaswan, T. 1980. Management of Asian reservoirs fisheries. FAQ Fisheries TechnicalPaper 207, 69 p. large flood plain system east of "Wallace's line. Journal of Fish Coates, D. 1985. Fish yield estimates for the Sepik river, Papua, New Guinea, a Biology 27: 431-443. Coates, D. 1987. Consideration of fish introductions to the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 19: 231-241. 5
6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study mission to Northeast Thailand for assessment of a pelagic freshwater sardine Cu1peihhys aesarnen.ris. IOEIICLARM, 63 p. (mimeo). Courtenay, W.R. and LR. Stauffer. 1984. Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. John Hopkins University, Baltimore, 430 p. De Silva, S.S 1985. Status of the introduced cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicis (Peters) in the reservoir fishery of Sri Larka: a management strategy and ecological implications. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 16: 91-102. De Silva, S.S. 1987. Impact of exotics on the inland fishery resources of Sri Lanka. Arch iv fur Hydrobiologie beihft, Ergebni:;se der Limnologie 28: 273-293. De Silva, S.S. and H.K.G. Sirisena. 1987. New fish resources of reservoirs in Sri Lanka: Feasibility of introductions of a subsidiary gill net fishery for minor cyprinids. Fisheries Research 6: 17-34. Eccles, D.H. 1985. Lake flies and sardines - a cautionary note. Biological Conservation 33: 305-333. EIFAC/CECPI 1984. Report of the EIFAC working party on stock enhancement, EIFAC TechnicalPaper 44: 22 p. Femando, C.H. and J. Holcik. 1982. The nature of fish communities: a factor influencing the fishery potential of tropical lakes and reservoirs. Hydrobiologia 97: 127-140. Frey, D.G. 1969. A limnological reconnaissance of Lake Lanao, Verhein Intemational Verhein Theoretical Agnew Limnologie 15: 112-127. Gophen, M., R.W. Drenner and G.L. Vinyard. 1983. Cichlid stocking and the decline of the Galilee Saint Peter's fish (Sarothe -odon galilaeus) in Lake Kinneret, Israel, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 40: 983 -986. Hofman, G.L. and G. Schubert. 1984. Some parasites of exotic fishes, p. 233-261. In W.R. Courtenay and R. Stauffer (eds.) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. John Hopkins University, Baltimore. Jhingran, V.C. and V. Gopalakrishnan. 1974. Catalogue of cultivated aquatic organisms. FAO Technical Paper, 130, 83 p. Ling, SW. 1977. Aquaculture in Southeast Asia. A historical overview. Washington Sea Grant Publication, 108 p. McKay, K.R., R.D. Makwinja, W.M. Menyani and O.K. Mhone. 1985. On the possible introduction of non-indigenous zooplankton-fishes into Lake Malawi, Africa, Biological Conservation 33: 289-307. Meier-Brook, C. 1975. A snail intemiediate host Schutosoma mansoni introduced to Hong Kong. WHO/SCHISTO/85: 37 p. Payne, I. 1987. A Lake perched on piscine peril. New Scientist 1575: 50-54. Pillay, T.V.R. 1977. Planning of aquaculture development. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., Surrey, England, 71 p. Shafland, P.L. and W.M. Lewis. 1984. Terminology associated with introduced organisms. Fisheries 9: 17-18. Soemarwotto, 0. and B. Costa-Pierce (undated). Importation of a pelagic freshwater sardine, Corica goniognathus to IndoneSian reservoirs for fisheries enhancement (mimeoed document). Tumer, J.L. 1982. Lake flies, water fleas and sardines. FAO Technical Report 1: 165-173. Welcomme, R.L. 1981. Register of international transfers of inland fish species. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 213: 120 p. Welcomme, R.L. 1984. International transfers of inland fish species, p. 22-40. In W.R. Courtenay and J.R. Stauffer (eds.) Dütribution, Biology and management of Exotic Species. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. West, G.J. and J. Glucksman. 1976. Introduction and distribution of exotic fish in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 27: 19-48.
Page 1 and 2: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
Page 3 and 4: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
Page 5 and 6: The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This special publicati
Page 9 and 10: help to promote national awareness
Page 11 and 12: Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 13 and 14: 2 taken as the basis for the introd
Page 15: 4 with respect to other introductio
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66:
Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
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58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
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60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
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62 Indonesia includes three differe
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64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
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68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
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70 From this historical review, it
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72 what they perceived as economica
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74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
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76 While it is likely that at the o
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78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
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80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
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82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
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84 long time ago as shown by the fa
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86 Discussion and Recommendations E
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Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
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Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
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92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
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94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
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96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
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Status of Introduced Species in Sri
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
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appreciated in the context of the w
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However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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