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the Japanese main islands. After its first introduction into Lake Ashinoko in 1925 for lure fishing (Akaboshi 1959) and an initial unsuccessful attempt of its transplantation into several other lakes, transplantation of M. salmoides from Lake Ashinoko to other waters was prohibited to prevent possible destruction of local fish fauna by this predaceous species. However, the attraction of this fish as a game for lure fishing has led some indiscreet anglers to secretly transplant it into many lakes. This resulted in its subsequent rapid dispersal over Japan and its predation on many native fish species. The impact of the largemouth bass on indigenous fish fauna appears to vary particularly in relation to the depth of water (Nomura and Furuta 1977). The predation on indigenous fish by largemouth bass has caused serious problems in shallow waters and efforts to eradicate this predator have not been successful (Kikukawa 1980). In deep waters such as Lake Ashinoko, largemouth bass coexist with native fish by habitat segregation. Cichlidae Nine species of tilapia have been introduced into Japan for the purpose of pond culture utilizing heat from hot springs or cooling-water discharge from power plants or factories. Of these species, Oreochromis niloticus is enjoying a comparatively high reputation as a food fish, with its annual production reaching more than 5,000 t in 1985 (Maruyama 1986). 0. niloticus, 0. mossambicus, Tilapia sparmanii and T. zulu have colonized estuarine waters in the Okinawa Islands (Imai 1980). Changes in the Japanese Freshwater Fish Fauna The freshwater fish fauna of Japan has been changing rather conspicuously in recent years. The freshwater fauna is originally rich in southwestern Japan and comparatively poor in northeastern Japan. The recent changes in freshwater fish fauna are characterized primarily by the dispersal of many species endemic or indigenous to southwestern and northeastern Japan. This northeastward dispersal is considered to be attributable largely to the transplantation of a species called "ayu from Lake Biwa in central Honshu. Though this has little to do with the introduction of exotic species, we believe it worthwhile to briefly mention of what is going on in the Japanese freshwater fish fauna. Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, a small, annual fish closely related to salmonids is one of the favourite game fish and an inland water delicacy among the Japanese. Young and sub-adult ayu inhabit the middle to upper reaches of clear water rivers and reach maturity as they descend to the lower reaches where they spawn. Larvae migrate to the sea and juvenile ayu ascend rivers after spending the whole winter in the sea. Due to obstructions on the migration route by dams and other structures, fry of ayu are being released into upstream areas all over Japan in large numbers every year. The majority of the fry released are collected from Lake Biwa where a landlocked population of ayu abounds. This stocking activity is certainly a boon to more than 10 million amateur anglers who enjoy ayu fishing. However, it has created a side-effect; colonization of the inland waters of northeastern Japan by species that had been found only in southeastern Japan. It is widely accepted that the dispersal of southwestern elements has caused by incidental transportation of fry of many species mixed in ayu seed collected from Lake Biwa. These immigrants include a few carnivorous cyprinids and the predaceous largemouth bass. 69
70 From this historical review, it can be seen that the introduction of aquatic species into Japan is closely related to the development of transportation. Before the World War II, shipping was the only mode of transportation live species from foreign countries to Japan. It was difficult for private enterprises to introduce live aquatic species from foreign countries because of shipping costs. Therefore, only the national and/or local governments were able to introduce the aquatic species from other countries for productive increase of animal protein. As the target species were selected by the government authority itself, rules governing introduction of aquatic species were not thought to be necessary. Entering the postwar period, the development of transportation drastically increased the number of species introduced from other countries; they are not only used in pond culture, but also as ornamental pet fish in aquariums. Critical changes in fauna and flora caused by exotic species have never been observed as a result of unrestricted introduction of aquatic species. However, some changes, as mentioned above, have already been reported. Those re Rhodeus ocellatus smithi being replaced by R. o. ocellatus, colonization of northeastern Japan by nativeborn species found in southwestern Japan, and the predation of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides on many native fish species in certain places. These situations should be considered as a warning alarm for unrestricted introduction of aquatic species and the need for deliberation and care for further introduction of aquatic species in Japan. References Akaboshi, T. 1959. Blackbass. Miyazaki-ken Tansui-gyogyos hidojyo, p. 1-71. Environmental Agency. 1976. Dai 1 kai shizen kankyo hozen kisochosa houkokusho (Report of the first national surveys on the natural environment). Shakai-chosa- kenkyusho. Tokyo, Japan. Environmental Agency. 1980. Dai 2 kai shizen kankyo hozen kisochosa houkokusho (Report of the second national surveys on the natural environment). Shakai-chosa- kenkyusho. Tokyo, Japan. Environmental Agency, 1988. Dai 3 kai shizen kankyo hozen kisochosa houkokusho (Report of the third national surveys on the natural environment). Shakai-chosa-kenkyusho. Tokyo, Japan. Imai, S. 1980. Tilapia in°Nihon no Tansuiseibutsu (Freshwater aquatic species in Japan)". Edited by T. Kawai et al., Tokaidaigaku-shuppankai. Tokyo, Japan, p. 124-132. Inaba, D. 1955. Tonegawa niokem sogyo no hanshyoku (Re producti on of the Chinese Carp in the Tone River). Zenkoku-kosh.D--kasen yoshoku kenku-kai-yohou. Kawanabe, H. 1980. Nijimasu (Rainbow Trout) in" Nihon no Tansuiseibutsu (Freshwater aquatic species in Japan)". Edited by T. Kawai et al., Tokaidaigaku-shuppankai. Tokyo, Japan, p. 44-48. Kikukawa, Y. 1980. Blackbass in"Nihon no Tansuiseibutsu (Freshwater aquatic species in Japan)". Edited by T. Kawai et Si., Tokaidaigakushuppankai. Tokyo, Japan. p. 20-29. Maruyama. T.K., T. Fuji, Kijima and H. Macda. 1987. Gaikokusan shingyoshu no donyu keika. (Introducing process of extic species from foreign countries). Fisheries Agency, Tokyo. Nagata, Y. and K. Nishiyama. 1976. Remarks on the characteristics of the fins of bitterling. Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus (Knen and R. ocellatus smithi (Regan). Memoirs of the Osaka Kyoikyu University Series ifi 25(1): 17-2 1. Nakamura, M. 1955. Kanto-heiyani shutsugenshita ishyokugo (Some exotic fishes appeared at the Kanto Plains). Nihon-seibuisu-chiri-gakkaiho 16/19: 333-337. Nomura, M. and Y. Furuta. 1977. Gunma-ken niokem koshyo kasen no koudo gyogyou-riyou ni-kansuru chyosha-hokokushyo. Gunma Prefecture, p. 40-43. Watase, S. 1986. Pejerrey in" Shingao no sakan (New aquatic species in Japan)". Seizando. Tokyo, Japan.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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