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The Status of the Exotic Aquatic Organisms in China TAN YO-JUN TONG HE-Yl Shanghai Fisheries Universiiy 334 Jun GongRoad Shanghai, China Tan Yo-Jun and Tong He-Yi. 1989. The status of the exotic aquatic organisms in China, p. 35-43. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Pubi. 3, lS4p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. A total of 109 species of fish which includes 21 species of food fishes, 88 species of tropical aquarium fishes, 1 amphibian, 2 crustaceans, 6 molluscs and 7 seaweeds have been introduced into mainland China. Most of the food fish species are used for aquaculture. A strict quarantine procedure is adopted when species are introduced, and are released for commercial culture only after a number of years of experimentation and observation. As most introductions are tropical species, which are generally unable to overwinter under natural conditions, none of the introductions are known to have had deleterious effects on the indigenous flora and fauna. In order to develop China's inland and marine culture fisheries and other purposes, a great number of exotic aquatic species were introduced from different countries and regions of the world. There are about 125 species known to have been introduced into China. Among them are 109 species of fish which includes 21 species of food fishes and 88 species of tropical aquarium fishes, 1 amphibian, 2 crustaceans, 6 molluscs and 7 seaweeds. Some of them have been successfully cultured in different parts of the country and have made a considerable contribution to the production. Some are still in the stage of experimental culture. Pisces Exotic Aquatic Organisms in China Five species or subspecies of Cyprinidae were introduced into China (Table 1). Carassius auratus cuvieri which was called silver crucian carp in China, indigenous to Lake Biwa of Japan, was introduced into the country in 1976 and quickly popularized after 2-3 years trial. The principles of breeding and seed production are similar to that of local crucian carp Carassius auratus auratus. In the commercial production, silver crucian carp is commonly polycultured with the Chinese carps. It is now extensively cultured in China, particularly in Changjiang River Basin. Funtius gonionotus was introduced from Thailand in 1986. It has been experimentally monocultured or polycultured in ponds and rice fields in Guangdong Province. Labeo rohita is indigenous to the Ganges and was introduced from Thailand in 1978. It is being cultured experimentally in the southern parts of China. Catla catla was introduced from Bangladesh in 35
36 1973. It has been cultured in southern parts of China, such as in Guangdong Provincc, but is still in an experimental stage. Scattered mirror carp is a strain of Cyprinus carpio which was selected by German fish culturists many years ago. Thirty thousand fertilized eggs were intrcduced from Japan in 1982 and ten thousand fingerlings were introduced from the Federal Republic of Germany in 1984. The exotic mirror carp has a fast growth rate, higher resistance to cold, is easier to culture and catch, and therefore it is now extensively cultured in the northrn parts of China. Colossoma bidens of Serrasalmidae, indigenous to South America, was introduced in 1985 via Hong Kong. It is being experimentally cultured in southern China. Three species of Clariidae have been introduced into China. Clarias macrocephalus and Clarias batrachus were introduced from Thailand in 1982 and 1978, respectively. The latter is also distributed in southern Yunnan Province of China. Clarias lazera was introduced from Africa in 1981. In comparison with the local catfish Clariasfuscus, the exotic cat fishes have more favourable characteristics for intensive culture, and are extensively cultured n southern China. Pangasius sutchi (Pangasidae) was introduced from Thailand in 1978, and at present is experimentally cultured in Guangdong Province. Ictalurus punctatus and Ictalurus nebulosus were introduced from the United States in 1984 and are experimentally cultured in Hubei Province and Beijing. Three coldwater salmonids have been introduced into China. Salmo gairdneri was first introduced from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1959, but culture developed slowly and remained at experimental stage during 1959-1976. Since then, rainbow trDut culture has developed and it is now extensively cultured throughout 16 provinces and autonomous regions. In 1983, The Donaldson super rainbow trout was introduced from the University of Washington, USA. This species has a faster growth and stronger resistance to cold. China has succeeded in rainbow trout culture and seed production. Food fish are mainly cultured in concrete tanks or raceways with running cok water; in addition cage culture in lakes, reservoirs and coastal waters is also carried out. Coregonus peled and Coregonus sp. which are species from USSR and North America originally, were introduced from Japan in 1985. They were cultured in a reservoir of Heilongjiang Province for experiments. Five species of Cichlidae have been introduced into China. Oreochromis mossambicus was introduced into China from Vietnam in 1957, and was polycultured with Chinese carp; in ponds for a long period. It is not considered a suitable species for culture and is being replaced by Oreochromjs nilorjcus, introduced in 1978. It has been monocultured in running warm water or polycultured in ponds. The hybrid of 0. mossambicus X 0. niloticus is important in polyculture with Chinese carps. Oreochromis aureus was introduced in 1981 in order to get over O% male offspring through hybridization. Tilapias are commonly cultured in ponds, running warm water, cages, etc. But Sarotherodon galilaeus and Tilapia zulu which were introduced in 19 1 are still kept in experimental hatcheries. Tilapias are unable to overwinter in natural waters in most parts of China. Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, indigenous to the freshwater lakes and rivers in North America, was introduced into China in 1983 via Hong Kong. Largemouti bass is considered as one of the best food fish species cultured in China. Gambusia affinis of Poeciliidae, indigenous to North America, was introduced into China several decades ago for controling malaria. It is widespread in Shanghai and Jiangsu iirovinces and is also cultured in aquaria.
Page 1 and 2: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
Page 3 and 4: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
Page 5 and 6: The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This special publicati
Page 9 and 10: help to promote national awareness
Page 11 and 12: Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 13 and 14: 2 taken as the basis for the introd
Page 15 and 16: 4 with respect to other introductio
Page 17 and 18: 6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98:
86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100:
Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102:
Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
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92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
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94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108:
96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111:
Status of Introduced Species in Sri
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
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appreciated in the context of the w
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However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123:
Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129:
Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141:
egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
Page 154 and 155:
Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159:
Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161:
Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
Page 162 and 163:
Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
Page 166:
TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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