Exotic Aquatic Organisms - International Development Research ...

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Present Status of the <strong>Exotic</strong> Species The present status of the exotic species are classified at different levels. Those species that are used for aquaculture such as the two species of tilapias (Oreochromis mossambicus and 0. niloticus) are now well established in the ecosystem of Thailand. They are completely viable. 0. niloticus is more popular as food than the other. Common carp is also known to breed in natural waters. Among the three species of the Chinese carps, which are successfully grown in aquaculture systems, none of them breed naturally. Of the aquarium exotic species, few successfully breed naturally and the rest are bred artificially. In some species for example, a black tetra of black kamoor, (Gymnocorymbus terneizi) and a Jack Dempsey (Cichiosoma biocellatum) were first imported from South American countries (Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina) and in 1950s reintroduced from Hongkong and Japan. They breed successfully in the natural habitats of Thailand. Recorded Ecological Effects Surprisingly, there are very few documented ecological effects by introduced species in Thailand. The author observed that 0. mossarnbicus is a nuisance species and even considered it as a bottom surface competitor to the brackish water shrimp e.g., Penaeus merguiensis, in culture ponds. A species of American freshwater crayfish (Procambrus clarkii) and a cherry snail, Ampularia gigas were suspected by some freshwater prawn culturists to be the cause of the stem damages of rice in the paddy fields. It was also suspected that the introductory American bull frog, (Rana catesbina) might be harmful to the local species of frogs (Ta Yoo 1986). Four exotic aquatic plants were reported by Santi (1986) and Tandaraporn (1962): Echimodorus peruensis or the Peruvian sword or black amazon sword, Cabomba caroliniana, Najas indica and Potamogeton crispus. These are also suspected to be competitors to local aquatic plants. Tandaraporn (1962), reported the possible effect on fishes of three species of aquatic plants, namely C. caroliniana, N. indica and P. crispus in helping to prolong the survival of 0. mossambicus. Of the exotics, introduced for aquaculture, the Chinese carps are reported to have been responsible for introduction and spread of some diseases (Kanthomthurapuch 1984). Conclusions Three purposes are recognised as reason for introduction of fishes into Thailand; for consumption, for aquarium and for aquaculture (Tables 1 and 2). There are about 15 species of exotic fish that can be classified as being used in aquaculture. They have successfully survived and grow in natural waters and impoundments in Thailand. Only two species 0. mossambicus and 0. niloticus are capable of reproducing in reservoirs and in natural waters. It is also noticeable that the number of exotics of African origin has increased from 1963 to 1988. There were at least 19 species of African fishes in 1988, as compared to 6 species in 1963. The exotic species form the American continent (North, Central and South America) have also increased from 42 species in 1963 to 52 species in 1988 (Table 3). 121
122 It is also found that the exotic species for the aquarium fishes in Asia have decreased from 18 species in 1963 to only 15 species in 1988. The exotic marine fishes, mainly from the Philippines have increased from 2 species in 1963 to 5 species in 1988 (Table 3). Only a few species of the exotic aquarium fishes can breed successfully naturally in Thailand. It is also suspected that the cause of the decrease of the exotic species of aquarium fish from Asian countries might be either by the more restricted enforcement of the conservation laws or by the increasing deterioration of the natural habitats for these species in the respective countries. It is necessary for the countries in the region to cooperate in order to protect these most valuable resources. References Axelrod, H.R., W.E. Burgess, C.W. Emmens, N. Prones, J.G. Walls and R. Hunziker. 1987. Atlas of freshwater aquarium fishes. H.F.H. Publication, Inc. 992p. Amatayakul, C. 1957. Gold Fish. Thai Fisheries Gazette 10(2): 169. Cheunsri, C. 1963. The survey of the exotic aquarium fishes in Bangkok. Senior thesis for the B.S. degree, Faculty of Esheries, Kasetsart University, 99 p. Daungsawat, S. and T. Puphipat. 1982. Life history of exotic species. The Institute of the National Freshwater Fisheries, Report 7: 52p. Kanthomthurapoch P. 1984, Introducing of the life aquatic animals of Thailand. Thai Fisheries Gazette 3: 251-258. Pawapootanon, A. 1982. Fish stocking program in the Ubolratana Reservoir. Thai Fisheries Gazette 35(2): 205-2 13. Tandarapom, K. 1962. Use of aquatic plants for fish culture. Thai Fisheries Gazette 15(4): 419-426. Tayoo (Pen name). 1986. Kob Krating: Is it a real threat then? Thai Fisheries Gazette 13: 7-8. Santi (Pen name). 1986. Aquarium Tank Plant Decoration. Thai Fisheries Gazette 13: 12-15.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
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22 The terminology associated with
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24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
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26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
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28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
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30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
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32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
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34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
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36 1973. It has been cultured in so
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38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
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40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
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42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
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Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
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Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
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Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
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Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
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Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
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Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
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58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
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60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
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62 Indonesia includes three differe
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64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
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68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 134 and 135: Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
Page 136 and 137: Australian Government Position: Int
Page 138 and 139: There are presently eight State or
Page 140 and 141: egulate any activity likely to have
Page 142 and 143: Appendix II. Continued Name State o
Page 144 and 145: Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
Page 146 and 147: (two more to be co-opted) was appoi
Page 148 and 149: Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
Page 150 and 151: Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
Page 152 and 153: Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
Page 154 and 155: Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
Page 156 and 157: Table All.6. Assessment table of th
Page 158 and 159: Table All.8. Assessment table of th
Page 160 and 161: Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
Page 162 and 163: Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
Page 164 and 165: Appendix V Existing Legislation or
Page 166: TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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