Exotic Aquatic Organisms - International Development Research ...

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Early Years Cyprinus carpio L. and Carassius auratus L. were believed to be the first exotic species introduced into Indonesia. These fishes have been imported from China by ornamental fish dealers. In Malang (East Java) and Bogor (West Java) a number of fish-breeding places were established and some fish probably escaped into open waters. Cyprinus carpio importations were continuously done until recently and they have mixed with the older ones. This species became the most common fish cultured in fresh water ponds, cages and running water systems. The 1920s Lebistes reticulatus (Peters), guppy is an aquarium fish species which escaped into ponds and open waters in Bandung, West Java. In warm waters, Lebistes appeared to degenerate in size. They do not feed on mosquito larvae; they are not valuable in mosquito control in Java. Instead, they compete with plankton feeders. Another aquarium fish that escaped to the open waters is Gambusia affinis. However, it has disappeared now. In 1929, the Inland Fisheries Department imported live rainbow trout Salmo trutta iridea Gibb. from the Netherlands to Indonesia and they were reared in the mountain area of Malang. The eggs of the rainbow trout (Salmo trutta iridea Gibb.), the river trout (Salmo truttafario L.), as well as salmon (Salmo salar L.) were hatched and fry were released into the streams of Kawi mountain in East Java. These fish could not live in warm waters during the dry season and they have since disappeared altogether. Eggs of Salmo trutta fario L. were imported again from New Zealand (1937), Denmark and Australia (1939), hatched and fry of 15 cm were released into mountain streams. However, the attempt was not successful. The 1930s The Inland Fisheries Department imported Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan) from Malaysia. At the beginning it was difficult to breed this species. However, in 1935 breeding was successful and in 1937 this species began to spread and become economically important. Presently this species is widely cultured in ponds and are also successfully established in open waters. The occurrence of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), the Java tilapia, in Indonesia is still not clear. This species was caught first in Java by Mr. Mudj air, whose name was later given to it on a suggestion of the Inland Fisheries Department. Due to its adaptability and because it breeds easily, it became one of the most important freshwater fishes in Indonesia. For the small-scale fish farmer and the low income groups this species is very useful. However, in more capital intensive aquaculture the Java tilapia is considered to be a competitor or trash fish. Aside from being a food fish the Java tilapia is also useful for malaria eradication. 59
60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries Department imported the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (C. et V.) from Thailand to Java. The purpose of importation was to study its aquaculture potential. The prospects for grass carp in Indonesia are bright. There are many lakes and other water bodies with abundant aquatic plants that can be utilized by this species. It is used for experimental purposes. The 1960s The silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was first introduced into Indonesia in 1964 and again in 1969 from Taiwan. Experiments done at the <strong>Research</strong> Institute for Freshwater Fisheries, Bogor, and the breeding experiments using hypophysation techniques were successful in 1971. Silver carp is a plankton feeder; it grows faster than other plankton feeders (Trichogaster pectoralis and Helostoma temmincki). This species is still used for experimental purposes (Hardjamulia 1978). The purpose of importing this species is to utilize plankton more efficiently. ]However, this species is not yet popular in aquaculture. Oreochromis niloticus was introduced into Indonesia in 1969. Its performance is considered to be better than 0. mossambicus. This species is already spread widely and is very popular among fish farmers; it is an example of a successful introduction of an exotic species in Indonesia. To utilize the natural food available in ponds, it is suggested that this species be cultured in combination with carp and Puntius javanicus or with carp and giant gouramy. In 1969, four species of fish were imported to Indonesia from Taiwan: Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Oreochromis niloticus, Aristichthys nobilis and Cirrhina molitorella Hardj amulia 1978). The 1970s Pangasius sutchi Fowler was imported to Bogor in 1972 from Bangkok. Ereeding was successful using hypophysation technique. The prospect of this species for aquacuLture is good. Growth rate is high and it can be cultured intensively (Effendi 1975; Hardjamulia 1.978; Ondara 1982). The 1980s With the improvement of the economy, fish consumption in the larger cities increased. Besides other fishes, demand on Cyprinus carpio has increased. There is a shift in the method of carp culture from stagnant water ponds and cages to more intensive culture in running water systems. This rush for carp running-water-system culture was suddenly disrupted by the outbreak of haemorrhagic septicemia which started in Cibening near Bogor. The disease is thought to have been caused by Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas hydrophilia in combination with a virus. Other species that became victims of this disease included Osphronemus goramy and Clarias
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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