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Exotics - A Global Perspective with Special Reference to Finfish Introductions to Asia SENA S. DE SILVA Departments of Fisheries Biology and Zoology University of Ruhuna Matara, Sri Lanka De Silva, S.S. 1989. Exotics - a global perspective with special reference to finfish introductions to Asia, p. 1-6. In S.S. Dc Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Pubi. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. The need for a fresh evaluation of the definition of 'exotics' is pointed out. The global transfer of finfish species is summarized. Those species which have been transferred across all five continents are considered as 'global' and number 15, of which six have originated from Asia. Recent controversies on introductions are briefly pointed out and the need for detailed scientific evaluation prior to deciding on an introduction, based on recent recommendations from Asia, is focused on. Asia in general, has suffered comparatively limited damage as a result of introductions. In particular the number of native species lost or endangered in the region and directly attributable to an exotic is scanty. Exotic(s) and introduction(s) are terms used synonymously to define the transfer of live organisms from one country to another. With respect to aquatic organisms more refined definitions have been attempted: for example, that by Shafland and Lewis(1984). These authors defined an exotic as an organism whose entire range is outside the country to which it is introduced. In essence all definitions encompass into them, the concept of country boundaries. If one were to extend this further an introduction of a species between some of the Indonesian islands, even across the accepted zoogeographical boundaries such as Wallace's or Weber's lines, would not be tantamount to an introduction and the species transferred will not be classified as an exotic: this reference is not hypothetical. In essence the political boundaries, which have no real biological basis or validity should not be the criterion for defining an exotic and or an introduction but the zoogeographical boundaries of the organisms. In the context of an acceptance of the above definition a revision of the status of introductions in the world, and in Asia in particular is needed. Inland Fish Species Transfers - Global Status The global status of the international transfers upto 1981 was reviewed by Welcomme (1981). A summary of the transfers made globally, is given in Table 1. A total of 168 finfish species belonging to 33 families have been introduced either deliberately or accidentally out of their natural distribution range. In this analysis the traditional geographical boundaries were 1
2 taken as the basis for the introductions. This number is less than that reported later by Welconime (1984) when he observed that 163 species have moved to 120 countries of which 42% have established successfully. The two major families which have been subjected to such transfers beyond their natural range are the Cichlidae and the Cyprinidae, of which 36 and 37 species have been transferred from their natural ranges respectively. Transfers across all continents which could be considered as global introductions number only 15 species. Of these six have originated from Asia and are all Cyprinids - primarily the Chinese and Indian major carps. A total of 35 species have been transferred from Asia and 22 into Asia, of which 6 have been introduced into Oceania. According to Jhingran and Gopalakrishnan (1974) however, 24 species have been introduced into Southeast Asia. The reasons for the introduction/transfer of fish as well as other aquatic organisms beyond their normal range of distribution are many. Welcomme (1981) recognized three clear phases and reasons for introduction with respect to freshwater fish; Phase I Phase II period equivalent to the Middle Ages in Europe - diffusion of a limited number of species throughout Europe and Asia. middle of the nineteenth century to about 1940 - for sport and for sentimental reasons e.g., the spread of Salmonids from Europe into Asia, and Phase III : 1940 to date - for aquaculture and ornamental trade e.g., the spread of Chinese and Indian major carps. In the recent years the question of introductions/transfers across countries has been receiving increasing attention, in particular piscine introductions. The status of introductions into America and Oceania were considered in detail by Courtenay and Stauffer (1984) and included a protocol for evaluating proposed exotic fish introductions into the United States. In Europe, the question was addressed by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIPAC) of the Food and Agriculture Organization, and five specific protocols were evolved for the inspection of molluscs, crustaceans, marine fish, salmonid fish and molluscan hatcheries (EIFAC/CECPI 1984). An attempt was also made to develop an international policy for the reduction of risks and adverse effects arising from introductions. To meet this end it was felt that two levels of documentation were necessary. A code of Practice - a general guideline and statement of policy which can supplement local legislation, and Protocols - oriented check lists for implementation of the code of pracl;ice. In the development of an international policy and a code of practice for effecting introductions one has to take into consideration the sentiments expressed by neighbouring countries, even if they are widely separated. It is in this perspective that Coates (1987) dealt with the introductions into Papua New Guinea.
Page 1 and 2: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
Page 3 and 4: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
Page 5 and 6: The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This special publicati
Page 9 and 10: help to promote national awareness
Page 11: Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 15 and 16: 4 with respect to other introductio
Page 17 and 18: 6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
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Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
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Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
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Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
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58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
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60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
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62 Indonesia includes three differe
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64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
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68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
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70 From this historical review, it
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72 what they perceived as economica
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74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
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76 While it is likely that at the o
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78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
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80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
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82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
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84 long time ago as shown by the fa
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86 Discussion and Recommendations E
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Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
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Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
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92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
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94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
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96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
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Status of Introduced Species in Sri
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
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appreciated in the context of the w
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However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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