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Table 1. Summary of introductions of fish species in the world (derived from Welcomme 1981). Columns ito 5 in order are, number of species introduced into region beyond its native distribution range; global introductions where the species has been introduced into at least 4 continents; introduced from Asia; introduced into Asia and inter-Asian introductions. As-refers to originating from Asia; 'Oc' refers to Oceania. Family 1 2 3 4 5 ACIPENSERIDAE ANABANTIDAE ANGUILUDAE ATHERIMDAE BAGRIDAE CENTRARCHIDAE CENTROPOMIDAE CHANNIDAE CHANTDAE CICHLIDAE CLARIIDAE CLUPEIDAE COBITIDAE COREGONTDAE CYPRJMDAE CYPRINODONTIDAE ELEOTRIDAE ERYTHRINIDAE ESOCIDAE GOBIIDAE ICTALURIDAE LORICARIIDAE ORYZIATIDAE OSMERIDAE OSPHRONEMIDAE OSTEOGLOSSIDAE PERCICHTHYIDAE PERCIDAE POECILIDAE SALMONTDAE SCIAENTDAE SILURTDAE UMBRIDAE 2 6 3 1 1 12 1 1 I 36 2 2 1 3 37 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 12 18 1 1 2 Controversies When compared to the information available on finfish that on other aquatic organisms is scanty. Hitherto there had been no attempts to document such introductions either globally or regionally, even though very detrimental effects have been recorded with respect to some. A case in point is the introduction of the water fern Salvinia into Asia, which has had the most negative impact brought about by an exotic animal or plant (Bhukaswan 1980). On the other hand, with respect to finfish species the status of individual introductions have been assessed and views on their beneficial or harmful effects remain controversial. In this controversy Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), the aquatic chicken of the 1960's (Ling 1977) is now considered a nuisance species, globally (Welcomme 1984) except perhaps in Sri Lanka (De Silva 1985; 1987) and in Papua New Guinea (West and Glucksman 1967; Coates 1985). Of course in hind sight one could suggest that the results could have been better if O.niloticus was introduced. During the 50's and early 60's O.niloticus was relatively unknown and O.mossambicus was the choice species. In these countries this species remains the backbone of an important artisanal fishery and therefore a source of protein for the poor, and there are no reports on environmental degradation caused by this species. Comparable controversies exist 1 4 6As 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 1 6 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 6 2 1 2 3;20c i;20c 1;lOc 3:lOc 1: lOc 1 12 3
4 with respect to other introductions. For example the introduction of Lates niloticus into Lake Victoria was hailed as a disaster by some (Barel et al. 1985; Payne 1987) but its introduction into Lake Kioga is considered as a success; as much as that of Limnothrissa miodon into Lakes Kivu and Kariba (Eccles 1985). A similar debate exists with respect to the introduction of Sarotherodon aureus into Lake Kinneret (Gophen et al. 1983). The above examples point out that the lack of specific criteria and/or adoption of different standards in the assessment of the role of an exotic, and focus on the need to establish criteria for evaluating the impact of an exotic. The evolution of such a scheme for the evaltation of the impact of exotics will not have a direct bearing on the introductions made hithcrto but will permit the adoption of a more rational and an objective approach for envisaged introductions. The system or scale that is to be devised should not only take into consideration the biological and ecological impact of the introductions but an equal weightage should also be given to the sociological impact. Sociological impact is not an easily quantifiable parameter. In the present context it would mean whether the introductions have resulted in a significant contribution to the protein supply to the poorer people in an area and/or whether a significant number of job opportunities have been created or lost as a result of the introduction and the like. Reported detrimental effects as a result of piscine introductions into Asia, apart from the numerous parasites associated with the introductions, are rare and far apart; it has never reached the controversial stage as for example that associated with the Lates niloticus introduction into Lake Victoria in Africa (Bare! et al. 1985; Payne 1987). However, in Asia aso the near extinction of the endemic small goby, sinarapan, Mistichthys luzonensis (Smith) from Lake Buhi is partly attributed to the introduction of 0. mossambicus (Baluyut 1983). Similarly the introduction of two gobiids into Lake Lanao is supposed to have influenced its native cyprinid flock consisting of about 20 species of Barbus (Frey 1969). Asia has a paucity of lakes. Hence, there is an equivalent paucity of species flocks comparable to those of the African Great Lakes. In this context all efforts must be made to preserve this minuscule number of spec es flocks in Asia. The global parasitic introductions associated with the piscine introductions have been reviewed by Hoffman and Schubert (1984). Asia contributed its share to the rest of the continents and likewise received its share from elsewhere. It remains a miracl that these accidental introductions have not reached epidemic levels, except in very rare and isolated instances. Even human pathogens are involved; for example, Schistosoma mansoni was transferred to Hong Kong in 1973-1974 in infected snails from South America (Biophalaria straminea) contaminated with imported water plants for aquaria (Meier-Brook 1975). All fish trematodes and cestodes require intermediate hosts; digenean trematodes a molluscan host, and cestodes one or more intermediate hosts. As a result of these requirements the chances of relocation of parasitic species and their spreading are limited. In spite of these requirements some parasites have been transferred. A case in point is the inter-continental and intra-Asian relocation of the cestode Bothriocephalus opsarichthydis (=B. go wkengensis) associated with the introduction of grass carp, initially from the Amur river stocks and later from elsewhere.
Page 1 and 2: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
Page 3 and 4: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
Page 5 and 6: The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This special publicati
Page 9 and 10: help to promote national awareness
Page 11 and 12: Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 13: 2 taken as the basis for the introd
Page 17 and 18: 6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
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Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
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Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
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58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
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60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
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62 Indonesia includes three differe
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64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
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68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
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70 From this historical review, it
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72 what they perceived as economica
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74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
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76 While it is likely that at the o
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78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
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80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
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82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
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84 long time ago as shown by the fa
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86 Discussion and Recommendations E
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Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
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Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
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92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
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94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
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96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
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Status of Introduced Species in Sri
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
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appreciated in the context of the w
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However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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