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Lanka into Sarawak and Sabah. The slow growth rate makes it noncompetitive with other fastgrowing species for aquaculture. Besides food fishes, recreational fish species were also introduced. The rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was introduced into the mountain streams of Brinchang, Cameron Highlands in 1935 from Scotland; in 1968, Boh Tea Plantation introduced the same species in Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, from New Zealand. In both cases, there was no evidence of breeding although the trout grow to about 750 g. Growth of the domestic and international ornamental fish trade in recent years has greatly promoted extensive importation of freshwater and marine species from all parts of the world. A variety of such species can be seen in most retail aquarium shops (Table 2). Some of the small species such as Poecilia reticulatus and Gambusia affinis introduced for controlling the spread of mosquitoes have now established themselves extensively in many organically rich water bodies. Other species introduced as ornamental fish include the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), the sucker catfish (Plecostomus punctatus) and the molly (Molliniesa sp.) have also established themselves in freshwater ponds and pools (Table 2). The angelfish (Pterophylum scalare), and the Oscar (Atronotus occelatus), have been found to breed naturally in ponds (Ang, unpublished data). Despite the large number of exotic species introduced as ornamental fish in Malaysia, only a few have become successfully established in natural water bodies (Johnson 1963). Snakeskin gouramy Performance of Introduced Species The snakeskin gouramy was reported by Soong (1948) to have been first introduced into Malaysia in 1921. According to Green (1926) it was introduced in the late nineteenth century. Both authorities agree that the transfer was first made in the Krian rice-bowl area, northwestern Peninsula Malaysia. Today it is found widely distributed in swamps, rice fields and irrigation canals throughout the country (Mohsin and Ambak 1983). The Krian rice-bowl area at one time supported a very substantial rice-field fishery. based almost exclusively on the snakeskin gouramy (Merican and Soong 1966). Due to the double cropping of rice and the wide use of pesticides, the snakeskin gourami fishery has been drastically reduced (Tan et al. 1973). The total production from ponds was only 107.5t in 1986 (Table 3). It is difficult to gauge the impact this species has had on the environment. Soong (1948) maintained that this species has had no deleterious effect on other rice-field fishes, especially the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), the snakehead (Channa striata) and catfish (Clarias spp.). However, it is certain that the indigenous Trichogaster trichopterus has been displaced, at least to some extent, since both have similar feeding habits and occupy the same niche in the paddy field ecosystem. Chinese Major Carps and Common Carp Chinese major carps (grass carp, bighead carp, silver carp and mud carp) and common carp, were introduced into Malaysia in the early part of the nineteenth century by Chinese migrants. 73
74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced foodfish in Malaysia. Species Introduced Established Current Status Remarks From Year (reference) OSPHRONEMIDAE Trichogaster peer oralis CICHLIDAE Oreochromis mossambicus 0. niloticus Red tilapia hybrids Etroplus suratensis CLARI[DAE Clarias ,nacrocephalus CYPRNTDAE Puntius gonionot 555 Ctenopharyngodon idella Aristichihys nobilis Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cyprinus carpio Indian major carps (Catla catla Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala) SALMOMDAE Salmo gairdneri Micropterus salmoides Thailand, 1921 (Soong 1948) Java, Indonesia, 1944 (Mohsin & Ambak 1983) Thailand, 1979 Taiwan 1980, Thailand 1981, Sri Lanka 1975 (Welcomme 1981) Thailand, 1950 (Tweedie 1952) Indonesia, 1958 (Welcomme 1981) China, Early 19th century (Welcomme 198 1) China, early 19th century (Welcomme 1981) China, early 19th century (Welcomme 1981) China, early 19th century (Welcomme 1981) Introduced from India in 1960 Scotland, 1935 New Zealand, 1968 Florida, 1984 by Boh Tea Plantation, Cameron Highlands Paddy fields, swamps, canals Ponds, canals, tin mining pools, streams ponds, reservoir mining pools Ponds Ponds Ponds, swamps Rivers, ponds, mining pools Important pond cultured species. Attained 2-3 kg in6months Doesnot breed in pond or captivity. Fry imported from Taiwan or Hongkong. Parasites are Chloromyxurn lageri, Sanguznicola armata, Argsdus (Faizxh 1986) Cultured in ponds and mining pools. Does not breed in captivity. Common parasites are Dictylogyrue, Trichodina, Chilodonella (Shariff and Sommerville 1986; Faizah 1986) Cultured in ponds Ponds and tin mining pools Ponds Introduced in stream and lakes in Cameron Highlands as sport fish. Grow to 750 g. No breeding reported. Stocking terminated in 1973 for economic reasons Stocked in ponds used for trout earlier cultured in paddy fields; yield of 94-202 kg/ha (Tan et al. 1973); sell reproducing population Self reproducing population in fresh and brackish water, prolific breeder and stunted growth mono or polycultured in ponds and cages; reach 400-600 gin 4 months Cultured in ponds introduced in ponds in Sarawak Cultured in ponds and paddy fields Polycultured in pond Polycultured in ponds; minor species for aquaculture Do not breed in natural habitats Reported the presence of fry in ponds but none were found downstream. Badly hit by double cropping of rice and use of pesticides; infected with hemorrhagic septicaemis; displaced so some extent, the native species, T. trichopieru.s This species is rarely cultures. now Self reproducing in pools Breeds also in brackishwater p)nds Breed üi natural habitats Breed in local waters Not popular in Malaysia CHARACIDAE Colossoma sp. Taiwan, 1984 Ponds Cultured in ponds, Subsequently the Dept. attained fast growth Fisheries banned it because its fry resemble those of piranhas
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
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12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
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14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
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16 successful and more often than n
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18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
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20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
Page 124 and 125: Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
Page 126 and 127: Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
Page 128 and 129: Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
Page 130 and 131: Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
Page 132 and 133: Present Status of the Exotic Specie
Page 134 and 135:
Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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