Exotic Aquatic Organisms - International Development Research ...

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Present Status of Aquatic Organisms Introduced into Japan KENJI CHIBA Fisheries Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture University of Tokyo 2971, Maisaka, Hamana Shizuoka 431-02 YASUHIKO TAKI KIYOSHI SAKA! Tokyo University of Fisheries 4-5-7 Konan, Minato Tokyo 108 YOSHIOKI OOZEKI Dept. of Fisheries Faculty of Agriculture University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113 Chiba, K., Y. Taki, K. Sakai and Y. Oozeki. 1989. Present status of aquatic organisms introduced into Japan,p. 63-70. In S.S. De Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub!. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. Introductions of aquatic organisms into Japan are controlled odly on the basis of the Convention on Intemational Trade in Endangered Species (CiTES) of Wild Fauna and Flora and the quarantine acts. Up to 1986 more than 120 exotic species have been introduced, of which only 36 were made prior to 1945. Introductions are classified into four basic categories. In this paper of those in two categories, (i) species which have spread widely over Japan and are self reproducing, and (ii) those which have been maintained for generations through artificial propagation or in confined natural waters are dealt with. Since the late 19th century, a great number of exotic species of aquatic organisms have been introduced into Japan primarily with a view to enrich the fish resources of the country. While the introduction of some of these species have caused serious ecological problems in natural waters, some others have been confined and cultured in aquaculture farms as market fish or well established in natural waters yielding new commodities of food or sports fishing without serious impact on the ecosystem. The evaluation of the transplantation of non-indigenous species can vary among people; an exotic fish species in a river or lake may be a acceptable game fish for anglers while it may be an enemy for fishermen who catch other species that are outrivalled by the newcomer. Moreover, we have to admit that the 'ecological sense' of the people vary in accordance with the cultural and socio-economic backgrounds of the country, even though conservation is the unanimous consensus of all nations. In any event, accumulation of accurate 63
64 information on the status of fauna and flora is essential to lay down effective ;chemes for controlling introduction of the species. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief historical review of the introduction of exotic species of aquatic animals in Japan and a brief description of the present status of these species. Species introduced as ornamental aquarium fish are excluded from this report. Review of Aquatic Species Introduced into Japan It is virtually impossible to trace all of the numerous aquatic organisms introduced into Japan over the last 100 years. However, efforts have been expended to collect distributional and ecological data on introduced exotic species by various institutions including the Fisheries Agency, prefectural fisheries stations and universities. The Environment Agency's on-going nation-wide survey of the distribution of freshwater fishes, which is carried out every 5 years, has also provided disributional information on the exotic species which have been naturalized in inland waters (Environmental Agency 1976, 1980, 1988). There has been no regulation to control the introduction of aquatic aninuls from an ecological standpoint. Animals brought in from abroad are checked only on the basis of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the municipal laws established in relation to the CITES, and the Quarantine Acts. Recently, FAO's program of the prevention of international epidemics was put into operation at the Fish Disease Center in Tokyo. According to Maruyama et al. (1987), more than 120 exotic species of aquatic animals have been brought to Japan up to 1986. Of these, only 36 species were introduced to Japan before 1945. Entering the postwar period, the number increased drastically, due largely to tile increasing demand for new commodities among commercial fishermen, aquaculturists and Sports fishermen and the development of transportation. Many of these species were introduced intentionally for stocking in the natural environment, commercial culture and/or sport fishing. Some species, such as the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and the bitterling, Rhodeous ocellatus ocellatus came to Japan accidentally; these two species arrived in Japan mixed with fry of the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Nakamura 1955). Of the 120 species brought into Japan, about 9 species accounting for 7.5Vc of the total number have acclimatized themselves to the natural environment as self-reproducing populations; about 32 or 26.7% have been successfully bred; about 26 or 24.6% have disappeared; the status of about 53 or 4 1.2% remains obscure. In Table 1 they are classified into four categories; (1) species which have spread widely over Japan and are self-reproducing, (2) species which have been maintained for generations in captivity through spontaneou.s or artificial reproduction and/or established as self-reproducing populations in limited areas of natural waters, (3) species which are already extinct in Japan, and (4) species of which the present status cannot be elucidated. The following description by taxonomic group deals with only species which belong to categories 1 and 2 above and which are considered to have an economic or ecological importance.
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
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Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
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The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
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Introduction This special publicati
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help to promote national awareness
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Conditions in Europe and North Amer
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2 taken as the basis for the introd
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4 with respect to other introductio
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6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
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8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
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10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25 and 26: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 27 and 28: 16 successful and more often than n
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 77 and 78: 66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
Page 79 and 80: 68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
Page 81 and 82: 70 From this historical review, it
Page 83 and 84: 72 what they perceived as economica
Page 85 and 86: 74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
Page 87 and 88: 76 While it is likely that at the o
Page 89 and 90: 78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
Page 91 and 92: 80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
Page 93 and 94: 82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
Page 95 and 96: 84 long time ago as shown by the fa
Page 97 and 98: 86 Discussion and Recommendations E
Page 99 and 100: Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
Page 103 and 104: 92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
Page 105 and 106: 94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
Page 110 and 111: Status of Introduced Species in Sri
Page 112 and 113: Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
Page 114 and 115: appreciated in the context of the w
Page 116 and 117: However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
Page 118 and 119: Today, most of these carps are poly
Page 120 and 121: Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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