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mossambicus may be undergoing selection for cold tolerance in Brisbane since low winter temperatures have intermittently reduced some populations in streams and dams (McKay 1978, 1984). Shifts in critical physiological tolerances such as in temperature mean that the future range of an introduced species cannot be predicted with certainty. Appreciation of this and other problems has led Australian fisheries authorities to restrict the introduction of aquarium species and to reject the idea of introducing the nile perch, Lates niloticus to stock northern waterbodies for recreational fishing (Barlow and Lisle 1987). In part, the case made against the introduction of Nile perch was that it could colonize the upper reaches of the Murray-Darling River system and affect endemic fishes which are recruited from these waters. Adult 0. mossambicus die at temperatures ranging from 5-140C (Mar et al. 1966; Kirk 1972) so this species too could survive the minimum winter temperatures recorded in the upper Murray-Darling River (see Barlow and Lisle 1987). An Ecological Approach to Predicting the Effects of Introductions There is worldwide evidence that successful fish introductions alter the structure and species composition of the invaded community. Australian examples are accumulating with increased research on introduced and translocated species. Herbold and Moyle (1986) and Moyle et al. (1986) have argued that introduced species do not fill "vacant niches" as Simberloff (1981) concluded from his review of species introductions. Rather, they fit into the new environment by further compressing the "realized niche" of one or more of the species already present, often to the point where the environment can no longer support the endemic species (Moyle et al. 1986). Li and Moyle (1981) applied the systems analysis technique of "loop analysis" to predict aquatic ecosystem behavior after a species introduction. They suggest that nutrient-poor or oligotrophic systems are most sensitive and become unstable after introduced species are established. Drawing upon the experience of entomologists in the biological control of pest species, Li and Moyle (1981) suggest four criteria for fish species that are candidates for introduction: trophic co-adaptation with members of the assemblage receiving the introduced species; narrow niche breadth including stenophagy; low vagility; and freedom from contagious disease and parasites exotic to the new environment. These criteria are the antithesis of the typical characteristics of successful and troublesome introduced species around the world, i.e., zero or little trophic co-adaptation, broad niches, especially habitat and trophic niche, high vagility and infection with parasites and diseases (Arthington and Mitchell 1986). Moyle et al. (1986) suggest that three areas of ecological theory are particularly relevant to predicting the effects of introduced species. The theory of island biogeography may answer the question "how many species can an aquatic ecosystem support?"; the concept of "limiting similarity" may aid in predicting how morphologically similar species can coexist in a community; and the analysis of food webs may be useful for understanding the trophic interactions of introduced and endemic species. Although each theoretical approach has weaknesses, Moyle et al. (1986) conclude that they all point to the creation of inherently unstable fish communities through poorly considered introductions and translocations. Fisheries scientists and managers now have access to a substantial body of theoretical and empirical evidence that "tinkering with fish faunas" (Welcomme 1984) is seldom entirely 15
16 successful and more often than not has unanticipated and undesirable consequences. If it is to continue, it must be preceded in every instance by full consideration of the probable consequences for the receiving ecosystem and its endemic fish fauna. This applies equally to the translocation of fishes between drainage systems, and is particularly important in Australia of the present time because of the renewed interest in stocking northern inland waters with endemic fish species to create recreational fisheries. Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge research grants from the Australian National Parks md Wildlife Service, Griffith University and the Australian Water Research Advisory Council For the study of introduced fishes in Queensland. Mr. R.J. McKay, Mr. D.A. Milton, Ms. M. English, Mr. D. Bluhdorn and other colleagues are thanked for their part in these studies. I am also indebted to Mr. L.N. Lloyd for his substantial contribution to sections of this paper on poecihid :ishes. References Allen, G.R. and NJ. Cross. 1982. Rainbowfishes of Australia and Papua New Guinea. Angus and Robertson, Sydney. Arthington, A.H. 1984. Freshwater fishes of Stradbroke, Moreton and Fraser Island. In I. Covacevich and I. Davie (eds.) Fccus on Stradbroke, pp. 279-282. Boolarong Press, Brisbane. Arthington, A.H. 1986. Introduced Cichlid fishes in Australian inland waters. In 0. Dc Deckker and W.D. Williams (eds.) Limnology in Australia, pp. 239-248. CSIRO, Melbourne and Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht. Arthington, A.H. 1988. Diet of Ganthgria affinis holbraoki (Baird and Girard) in streams of the Brisbane region, south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Proceedings (Verhandlungen) of the Societe Internationale Limnologie 1987. Arthington, A.H., D.A. Milton and RJ. McKay. 1983. Effects of urban development and habitat alterations on the distributiost and abundance of native and exotic freshwater fish in the Brisbane region, Queensland. Australian Journal of Ecology 8: 87-101. Arthington, A.H. and D.S. Mitchell. 1986. Aquatic invading species. In R.H. Grooves and JJ. Bunion (eds.) Ecology of Biolcgical Invasions: an Australian Perspective, pp. 34-52. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra. Arthington, A.H. and LN. Uoyd (in press). Introduced Poecilädae in Australia and New Zealand. In G.K. Meffe and W.R. Omnenay (eds.) The Evolution and Ecology of Live Bearing Fishes. Prentice-Hall, New York. Balla, S.A., L.N. Lloyd and B.E. Pierce. 1985. Unwanted aquarium fish. Search 16:300-301. Barlow, C.G. and A. Lisle. 1987. Biology of the nile perch Lates niloticus (Pisces: Centropomidae) with reference to its proposed role as a sport fish in Australia. Biological Conservation 39: 269-289. Barlow, C.G., A.E. Hogan and U. Rogers. 1987. Implication of translocated fishes in the apparent extinction in the wild oJ the Lake Eacham rainbowfish, Melanaaenia eachamensis. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38: 897-902. Barret, S.C.H. 1982. Genetic variation in weeds. In R. Charudattan and H. Walker Cods.) Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens, pp. 73-98. John Wiley, New Yojk. Barret, S.C.H. and BJ. Richardson 1986. Genetic attributes of invading species. In R.H. Grooves and J.J. Bunion (eds.) Ecc logy of Biological Invasions: An Australian Perspective, pp. 21-33. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra. Bayly, I.A.E., P. Ebsworth and Hang Fong Wang. 1975. Ecology of Fraser Island Lakes. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 24: 1-13. Cadwallader, P.L 1979. Distribution of native and introduced freshwater fish in the Seven Creeks River System, Victoria. Aestralian Journal of Ecology 4: 361-385. Cadwallader, P.L., G.N. Baclthouse and R. Fallu. 1980. Occurrence of tropical fish in the cooling pondage of a power station in temperate southeastern Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 31: 541-546. Courtenay, W.R. and J.R. Stauffer (eds.). 1984. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Crivelli, AJ. 1983. The destruction of aquatic vegetation by caip. Hydrobiologia 106: 37-41. Fletcher, A.R. 1979. Effects of Salmo trulla on Galaxias olidus and macroinvertebrates in stream communities. M. Sc. Thesis, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. Fletcher, A.R. 1986. Effects of introduced fish in Australia. In P. De Deckker and W.D. Williams (eds.) Limnology in Australia,pp. 231-238. CSIRO, Melbourne and Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht. Fletcher, A.R., A.K. Morrison and D.J. Hume. 1985. Effects of carp, Cyprinus carpio L. on communities of aquatic vegetation and nubidity of waterbodies in the Lower Goulburn River Basin. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36: 311-32?. Griffiths, K. 1972. A study of the depredations incurred among endemic Australian fishes by introduced fishes with particular reference to Ganthusia affinis. Teacher's Higher Certificate Thesis, Dept. Education, Western Australia. Herbold, B., and P.B. Moyle. 1986. Introduced species and vacant niches. American Naturalist 128: 751-760.
Page 1 and 2: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia /
Page 3 and 4: Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia Pr
Page 5 and 6: The Introduction of Exotic Aquatic
Page 7 and 8: Introduction This special publicati
Page 9 and 10: help to promote national awareness
Page 11 and 12: Conditions in Europe and North Amer
Page 13 and 14: 2 taken as the basis for the introd
Page 15 and 16: 4 with respect to other introductio
Page 17 and 18: 6 Costa-Pierce, B. 1988. Study miss
Page 19 and 20: 8 extinction of the endemic rainbow
Page 21 and 22: 10 bottom substrates by European ca
Page 23 and 24: 12 Arthington 1988; Lloyd 1987); G.
Page 25: 14 Apparent Extinction of the Lake
Page 29 and 30: 18 Reznick, D. 1981. 'Grandfather E
Page 31 and 32: 20 -24° 4' 4 - I- .300 Cl) '1 S 36
Page 33 and 34: 22 The terminology associated with
Page 35 and 36: 24 Table 2. Translocations of indig
Page 37 and 38: 26 MELANOTAENIIDAE Melanotaenia spl
Page 39 and 40: 28 ELEOTRIDAE - GUDGEONS Hypseleotr
Page 41 and 42: 30 POECILIIDAE - LIVEBEARERS Gambus
Page 43 and 44: 32 References Allen, G.R. 1982. A F
Page 45 and 46: 34 Robinson, S.E. 1982. The ecology
Page 47 and 48: 36 1973. It has been cultured in so
Page 49 and 50: 38 northern Japan, settled off Dali
Page 51 and 52: 40 Table 1. The exotic aquatic food
Page 53 and 54: 42 Table 2. The preliminary list of
Page 56 and 57: Impact of Exotic Aquatic Species in
Page 58 and 59: Table 1. Salinonids introduced into
Page 60 and 61: Grass carp The grass carp, Ctenopha
Page 62 and 63: Table 4. Total catch and tilapia yi
Page 64 and 65: Salvinia molesta, a floating fern o
Page 66: Joy, PJ., K.R. Sathesan and D. Jose
Page 69 and 70: 58 Table 1. Introduced aquatic spec
Page 71 and 72: 60 The 1940s The Inland Fisheries D
Page 73 and 74: 62 Indonesia includes three differe
Page 75 and 76: 64 information on the status of fau
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66 Table 1. List of exotic aquatic
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68 Table 1. Continued Taxonomic Sta
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70 From this historical review, it
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72 what they perceived as economica
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74 Table 1. Fate of the introduced
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76 While it is likely that at the o
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78 Pearl Spot The pearl spot, Etrop
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80 Trengganu Enactment No. 8 of 196
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82 References Annual Fisheries Stat
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84 long time ago as shown by the fa
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86 Discussion and Recommendations E
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Table 1. Exotic aquatic species int
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Table 1. Continued Diseases/Parasit
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92 Fisheries (Piranhas) Rules 1971,
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94 (Caranx ignobilis) golden treval
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96 Table 1. Main species of aquariu
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Status of Introduced Species in Sri
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Taiwan I-
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appreciated in the context of the w
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However, A. anguilla cannot tolerat
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Today, most of these carps are poly
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Caiman latirostris and Alligator mi
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Conclusions The case of the tilapia
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Table 1. Continued Culture Status P
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Table 2. Record of tilapia introduc
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Annex I. Continued Dascyllus melamu
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Exotic Aquatic Species in Thailand
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Present Status of the Exotic Specie
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Table 1 a. Exotic fishes introduced
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Australian Government Position: Int
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There are presently eight State or
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egulate any activity likely to have
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Appendix II. Continued Name State o
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Recommendations of the Workshop 1.0
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(two more to be co-opted) was appoi
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Mr. J. Maclean, do ICLARM, MC P0 Bo
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Appendix I Definitions of Exotics T
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Appendix II Assessment of the Impac
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Table All.3. Assessment of the stat
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Table All.6. Assessment table of th
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Table All.8. Assessment table of th
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Table All.10. Continued Family/Spec
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Table Affi. Indigenous species whic
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Appendix V Existing Legislation or
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TITLES IN THE ASIAN FISHERIES SOCIE
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