Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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116 • Loss of weight/reduction in weight gain or growth rate. • Changes in respiratory depth & pattern. • Respiratory discharges – from trunk. • Temperature of 38oC or more. • Hyperaemia of mucous membranes (eye, mouth, vulva). • Signs of pain - including groaning, biting tip of trunk, abnormal postures. • Non-specific colic signs – as for a horse. • Dependant oedema. • Neurological signs such as shaking, loss of balance etc. • Localised trauma – especially tusks. • Epiphora – excessive lacrimation of the eye. Caused by pain and could be related to infections and/or a foreign body. • Blepharospasm – spasm of the eyelids resulting in the eyes being closed. Caused by pain and could be related to infections and/or a foreign body. When making a clinical examination of an elephant it is important to realise the importance of blood sampling. For example, as skin turgor is not easy to assess, hydration is generally measured by reference to the PCV. Consequently, it is of enormous value that elephants are trained to accept sampling (and examination) without sedation, whatever the handling system. It is also crucial that elephant keepers keep accurate records; it is not easy for a veterinarian to assess changes in appetite, water-intake etc. when normal yardsticks are not available. Staff Health It is strongly suggested that elephant keeping staff keep up to date with tetanus vaccination and that they undergo an annual test for tuberculosis. It goes without saying that all animal keeping staff should adopt the highest standards of personal hygiene for their own protection and that of their charges. Surgery The scope of routine surgical procedures for the elephant is very limited. It is difficult to keep surgical incisions clean and wound healing is generally poor with considerable post-operative swelling and oedema. Superficial surgery often heals by granulation. For a review of surgical procedures in elephants, see (Mikota et al 1994Chapter 11). Vaccination <strong>Elephants</strong> should be vaccinated against tetanus annually. Vaccines against other diseases should be given as local conditions dictate. Little scientifically based information is available as to vaccine dose and frequency necessary to provide adequate protection in the elephant, but in general terms vaccines should be given at 2-3 times the recommended dose for adult cattle and horses (Schmidt, 1986). Anaphylaxis following vaccine administration is possible, so
observation for an hour after vaccination and having adrenaline available are wise precautions. Diseases against which vaccination may be appropriate include: • Anthrax. • Clostridial disease. • Tetanus. • Pasteurellosis. • Pox. • Rabies. • Salmonellosis. <strong>Zoo</strong>noses Significant zoonotic infections that may originate from elephants include: • Cowpox. • Salmonellosis. • Rabies. • Tuberculosis (although transmission from man to elephant is far more likely). • Anthrax. 3.16.2 Common Medical and Surgical Conditions of the Elephant Bacterial Disease Significant bacterial infections that can affect elephants include the following: Anthrax. Not generally a problem in zoos, but in areas of the world where anthrax is endemic (including Africa and Asia) captive working elephants are routinely vaccinated. Blackleg. Caused by Clostridium septicum. Vaccination is appropriate where a particular problem occurs. Botulism. Colibacillosis. Especially in the newborn and young. A lack of colostrum may be predisposing in juveniles. Enterotoxaemia. Young elephants are especially susceptible to clostridial enterotoxaemia. Where a problem exists in a facility, vaccination may need to be considered. Pasteurellosis. Also known as haemorrhagic septicaemia. Systemic pasteurellosis can cause an extremely acute and rapidly fatal septicaemia with signs similar to anthrax. Vaccination is a possibility for collections experiencing problems with this pathogen Salmonellosis. This is a common and often fatal infection in elephants. Symptoms often include a profuse diarrhoea, dysentery, weakness, fever etc. Other animals may present with far more vague symptoms; lethargy, 117
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Page 75 and 76: 130 kg, the last having a survival
Page 77 and 78: The goal should be to give cows exp
Page 79 and 80: i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
Page 81 and 82: Mason report are never used. Method
Page 83 and 84: incidents as appropriate. To facili
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Page 87 and 88: process. More than one handler may
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Page 91 and 92: c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94: or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96: • In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98: the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
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6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
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this time be used to the sight and
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These commands allow routine good h
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6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
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6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
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6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
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6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
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March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
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(a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
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6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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