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18 Loxodonta The range of the African elephant has also been reduced and fragmented. Formally the genus occurred over most of the continent apart from the driest regions of the Sahara. Fig. 3 shows the present distribution. Table IV is taken from the African Elephant Database (Barnes et al 1999) and shows the definite and additional estimated numbers in each country – giving a maximum possible population of just over 500,000 animals 1. Of these it is thought that some 350,000 may be bush or savannah elephants and 150,000 forest elephants (Barrett et al 2001). However the monitoring of forest elephant populations is difficult and incomplete (Walsh and White 1999) (and see Section 2.6 on censusing). Fig.3 . Current Distribution of the African Elephant. 1 the latest edition, 2002 has an estimated total population of 402 thousand animals, see http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afesg/aed/aesr2002.html
Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS REGION COUNTRY NUMBER OF ELEPHANTS SOUTHERN AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICA EASTERN AFRICA DEFINITE PROBABLE POSSIBLE SPECULATIVE TOTAL Angola 0 0 0 170 170 Botswana 76,644 13,414 13,414 0 103,472 Malawi 647 1,569 1,649 20 3,885 Mozambique 6,898 1,946 4,496 0 13,340 Namibia 6,263 1,421 1,421 0 9,105 South Africa 11,905 0 0 0 11,905 Swaziland 39 0 0 0 39 Zambia 15,873 6,179 6,964 0 29,016 Zimbabwe 63,070 8,034 10,185 0 81,289 TOTAL 181,339 32,563 38,129 190 252,221 Cameroon 1,071 5,285 8,704 675 15,735 Central African Republic 2,515 1,600 6,605 8,000 18,720 Chad 0 0 1,600 300 1,900 Congo 0 0 0 0 0 Democratic Republic of Congo 3,736 20,219 5,618 120 29,693 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 80 80 Gabon 0 0 7,500 54,294 61,794 TOTAL 7,322 27,104 30,027 63,469 127,922 Eritrea 2 0 0 0 2 Ethiopia 321 0 0 985 1306 Kenya 14,364 11,350 4,882 100 30,696 Rwanda 39 0 20 10 69 Somalia 0 0 130 120 250 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 67,416 12,196 12,078 0 91,690 Uganda 215 565 1,662 280 2,722 TOTAL 82,357 24,111 18,772 1,495 126,735 WEST AFRICA Benin 0 0 400 0 400 Burkina Faso 1,616 606 1,486 0 3,708 Ghana 476 218 1,185 443 2,322 Guinea 0 0 108 140 248 Guinea Bissau 0 0 0 35 35 Ivory Coast 51 0 495 645 1191 Liberia 0 0 0 1,783 1,783 Mali 0 0 950 50 1000 Niger 0 0 817 100 917 Nigeria 157 0 860 236 1253 Senegal 9 0 11 10 30 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 Togo 0 0 96 0 96 TOTAL 2,309 824 6,408 3,442 12,983 TOTAL CONTINENTAL ESTIMATES 273,327 84,602 93,336 68,596 519,861 19
Page 1 and 2: Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
Page 3 and 4: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Management Guidel
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
Page 9 and 10: 5. Elephants are large and intellig
Page 11 and 12: Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
Page 13 and 14: The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
Page 15 and 16: jaw but no more than two teeth are
Page 17 and 18: Features of the elephant’s reprod
Page 19: Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
Page 23 and 24: populations using this method; the
Page 25 and 26: obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28: and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30: condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32: animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34: COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
Page 35 and 36: Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
Page 37 and 38: to North America in 1796 and the fi
Page 39 and 40: and a lack of foraging opportunitie
Page 41 and 42: protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44: enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46: Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48: Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50: Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52: Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54: prevent obesity and associated heal
Page 55 and 56: than the average zinc content of th
Page 57 and 58: RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
Page 59 and 60: Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
Page 61 and 62: � Control/predictability. Ideally
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
Page 65 and 66: institutions MUST exchange keepers
Page 67 and 68: Reproductive Biology Department at
Page 69 and 70: eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
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• Current equipment should be ass
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Firearms When elephants are being m
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• Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
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Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
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observation for an hour after vacci
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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� Is a further SOP required? �
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
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Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
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Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
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Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
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Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
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Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
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Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
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Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
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Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
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Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
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Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
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Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
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Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
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Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
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Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
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6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
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this time be used to the sight and
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These commands allow routine good h
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6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
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6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
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6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
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6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
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March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
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(a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
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6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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