Haight, J. 1994. Reverse perspective: basic elephant management or enrichment. Animal Keeper's Forum 21, 115-116. Haltenorth, T. & Diller, H. 1977. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Africa Including Madagascar. London: Collins Hart, B.L. & Hart, L.A. 1994. Fly switching by Asian elephants: tool use to control parasites. Animal Behaviour 48, 35-45. Hart, B.L., Hart, L.A., McCoy, M. & Sarath, C.R. 2001. Cognitive Behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching. Animal Behaviour 62, 839-847. Hart, L.A., O'Connell-Rodwell, C.E. & Arnason, B.T. 2001. Exploring seismic communication mechanisms in elephants. In: Recent Research on <strong>Elephants</strong> and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 18. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Hatt, J.M. & Liesegang, A. 2001. Nutrition of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity - an overview and practical experience. Proceedings of the Institute for <strong>Zoo</strong> and WIldlife Research 40, 117-122. Health & Safety Executive 1998. 5 Steps to Risk Assessment. Sudbury, Suffolk: HSE Books Heine, N., Kurt, F., Pieler, E. & Weihs, W. 2001. Social roles, family units and the formation of clans in Asian elephants of the Uda Walawe National Park (Sri Lanka). In: Recent Research on <strong>Elephants</strong> and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 18. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Hermes, R., Olson, D., Göritz, F., Brown, J.L., Schmitt, D.L., Hagan, D., Peterson, J.S., Fritsch, G. & Hildebrandt, T. 2000. Ultrasonography of the estrous cycle in female African elephants (Loxodonta africana). <strong>Zoo</strong> Biology 19, 369-382. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Fritsch, G., Rohleder, M., Schwarzenberger, F., Schwammer, H., Mohlin, F., Tropeano, A., Mitchell, T. & Hermes, R. 2000 1. New ways of the breeding management of African elephants in Schoenbrunn <strong>Zoo</strong>, Vienna. Elephant-Journal 3, 4-7. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Brown, J.L., Montali, R.J., Schmitt, D., Fritsch, G. & Hermes, R. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in <strong>Elephants</strong> (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus)): an important tool for assessing female reproductive function. <strong>Zoo</strong> Biology 19, 321-332. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Schmitt, D., Quandt, S., Raath, J. & Hopkins, D.T. 1998. Reproductive assessment of male elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) by ultrasonography. Journal of <strong>Zoo</strong> and Wildlife Medicine 29, 114-128. 144
Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schnorrenbery, A., Hermes, R., Schmitt, D., Hagan, D., Peterson, J.S., Brown, J.L., Loskutoff, N., Pratt, N.C., Lehnhardt, J., Miller, G. & Olson, D. 1999. Successful artificial insemination of African nulliparous elephants at the Indianapolis <strong>Zoo</strong>. Verh. ber. Erkrg. <strong>Zoo</strong>tiere 39, 41-45. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Stetter, M.D., Hermes, R. & Hofmann, R.R. 1998. Applications of sonography in vertebrates. <strong>Zoo</strong>logy 101, 200-209. Hildebrandt, T., Hermes, R., Jewgenow, K. & Göritz, F. 2000. Ultrasonography as an important tool for the development and application of reproductive technologies in non-domestic species. Life Science 53, 74-84. Hildebrandt, T., Hermes, R., Pratt, N.C., Brown, J.L., Schwammer, H., Schmitt, D.L., Jewgenow, K., Olson, D., Lehnhardt, J. & Göritz, F. 2001. Results of artificial insemination programmes in Asian and African elephants kept under different management systems. In: Recent Research on <strong>Elephants</strong> and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 19. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Hildebrandt, T., Hermes, R., Pratt, N.C., Fritsch, G., Blotter, S., Schmitt, D., Ratanakorn, P., Brown, J.L., Rietschel, W. & Göritz, F. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in <strong>Elephants</strong> (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): an important tool for assessing male reproductive function. <strong>Zoo</strong> Biology 19, 333- 345. Hildebrandt, T., Strike, T., Falch, E., Sambrook, L., Dodds, J., Lindsey, N., Göritz, F., Hermes, R. & McHowan, M. 2003. Foetotomy in the Elephant. Proceedings American Association <strong>Zoo</strong> Veterinarians, Minneapolis November, 3. Hile, M.E., Hintz, H.F. & Erb, H.N. 1997. Predicting body weight from body measurements in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of <strong>Zoo</strong> and Wildlife Medicine 28, 424-427. Hillman Smith, A.K. 1992. The elephant domestication centre of Africa. In: <strong>Elephants</strong> (Ed. by J. Shoshani), pp. 152-154. London, Simon & Schuster. Hoare, R. 2000. African elephants and humans in conflict: the outlook for co-existence. Oryx 34, 34-38. Hodges J.K. 1998. Endocrinology of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephant. Animal Reproduction Science 53, 3-18. Hodges, J.K., McNeilly, A.S. & Hess, D.L. 1987. Circulating hormones during pregnancy in the Asian and African elephants Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana: a diagnostic test based on the measurement of prolactin. International <strong>Zoo</strong> Yearbook 26, 285-289. 145
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc