Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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Table 1 Selected vitamin E supplements regularly used in the UK Product (Supplier) Vitamin E compound IU/kg or l Form/Std. Quantity Equivite Original (Spillers) dl α-tocopherol acetate 10 000 Powder, 3kg or 15kg Equivite VitE & Se (Spillers) dl α-tocopherol acetate 40 000 Powder, 3kg Zoo-E-Sel (IZVG) dl α-tocopherol acetate 22 000 Powder, 2kg Emcelle Tocopherol (IZVG) d α-tocopherol 500000 Liquid, 1l El-E-Vite (Mazuri) d α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) 190 3000 Pellet, 25kg A pelleted supplement offers the benefit of vitamin being evenly incorporated within a palatable feed item, thus less wastage. However the compound used in the only pellet listed (TPGS in El-E-Vite) is a water-soluble form of the fatsoluble vitamin, with limited evidence to support its effectiveness. Powdered supplements are usually sprinkled onto or mixed with other food items; likewise the liquid form which can also be mixed with water (although this may not be a reliable method of delivery unless it is to dilute the product so it can be used as a spray onto food). Price increases with vitamin potency, but the cost is offset by being able to feed far less to achieve the same dose – an important consideration for animals larger than 1000kg (see Table 2). All the products (except Emcelle Tocopherol) also contain selenium due to positive interactions between the two nutrients although one does not substitute for the other. Equivite Original provides other vitamins and minerals which the concentrated forms (VitE & Se, Emcelle Tocopherol) do not, so maybe more suitable for smaller species. Practical guidelines for supplementation Recommendations are generally made on a per kg dry matter diet basis, but few collections are able to quantify this effectively and find it hard to know how much to feed. Most will have body weight ranges and can use these instead to determine supplementation regimes. Species should be further divided according to their digestive strategy - perissodactyl or artiodactyl as already described. On this basis, the following guide for supplementation can be used: Perissodactyls, hippos, elephants 1 IU vitamin E / kg body weight / day Artiodactyls 0.5 IU vitamin E / kg body weight / day Table 2 shows dose rates across a range of body weights for various supplements, using the rate for Perissodactyl species. The guidelines can be used all year round, providing a vitamin ‘top-up’ for animals receiving only compound feed and dried forage during winter months. Access to fresh browse and paddock grazing during spring/summer will of course add ‘natural’ vitamin E to the diet, but over-supplementation is extremely unlikely (see Toxicity below).
Table 2. Doses for individual supplements based on relative vitamin E potency, using rate for Perissodactyls (1 IU / kg body weight / day). Divide by half for Artiodactyl species at any equivalent body weight. Relative costing is intended for guidance only. Equivite Original 10 £0.03 Equivite VitE & Se 3 £0.04 Zoo-E-Sel 5 £0.04 body weight (kg) 100 250 500 1000 1750 4000 6000 Supplement dose (g) and approximate cost* 25 6 11 50 100 £0.27 15 25 £0.38 25 45 £0.39 Emcelle Tocopherol 0.02 0.05 1 2 (ml) £0.03 £0.27 El-E-Vite 35 80 170 325 £0.06 £0.56 *Based on current retail prices, March ‘04 Toxicity 175 400 £1.07 44 100 £1.53 80 180 £1.55 3.5 8 £1.08 600 1125 £2.24 600 £1.60 150 £2.30 275 £2.32 10 £1.62 2000 £3.36 Toxicity has not been demonstrated in ruminant or equine species. Both acute and chronic studies of rats, chicks and humans have shown that excessively high levels can result in undesirable effects; abnormal bone mineralization and clotting abnormalities, suggestive of metabolic interactions with other fatsoluble vitamins (D and K). A dietary level of about 75 IU/kg of body weight is presumed to be the safe upper limit for vitamin E intake. Further Reading Dierenfeld, E.S. 1999. Vitamin E: Metabolism, Sources, Unique Problems in Zoo Animals, and Supplementation. Pp 79-82 in: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4, M.E. Fowler and R.E. Miller, eds, Saunders, New York. Dierenfeld, E.S. and M.G. Traber. 1992. Vitamin E Status of Exotic Animals Compared with Livestock and Domestics. Pp. 345-360 in: Vitamin E in Health and Disease, L. Packer and J. Fuchs, eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 191
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
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• Current equipment should be ass
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Firearms When elephants are being m
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• Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
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Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
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observation for an hour after vacci
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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� Is a further SOP required? �
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
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Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
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Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
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Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
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Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
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Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
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Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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Page 191: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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