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ii Management Guidelines for the Welfare of Elephants Document compiled by Miranda F Stevenson and Olivia Walter for the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums www.biaza.org.uk 2 nd Edition March 2006
Table of Contents Management Guidelines for the Welfare of Elephants ........................ii Table of Contents ....................................................................................iii SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................v 1.1 The Purpose of the Document ..............................................................v 1.2 Additional Reasons for Management Guidelines ..............................vi 1.3 BIAZA’s Elephant Policy Statement ....................................................vii Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA..................................................9 A: BIOLOGY.............................................................................................9 2.1 Taxonomy.................................................................................................9 2.2 Morphology..............................................................................................12 2.3 Physiology ................................................................................................14 2.4 Longevity..................................................................................................15 B: FIELD DATA........................................................................................16 2.5 Zoogeography / Ecology .......................................................................16 2.6 Conservation and Protection .................................................................20 2.7 Diet and Feeding Behaviour ..................................................................25 2.8 Reproduction............................................................................................26 2.9 Behaviour and Social Organisation ......................................................27 Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY...............................................33 3.1 Elephants and Man..................................................................................33 3.2 General Guidance on Health and Welfare in Captivity.....................35 3.3 The Captive Environment ......................................................................37 3.4 Feeding and Nutrition ............................................................................46 3.5 Elephant Behaviour and Captivity .......................................................56 3.6 Breeding in Zoos......................................................................................61 3.7 Population Management ........................................................................75 3.8 Elephant Handling and Training ..........................................................78 3.9 Standard Operating Procedure: Staff Training ..................................97 3.10 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of Chains or Shackles on Elephants .................................................................................................100 3.11 Standard Operating Procedure: Voice Control................................102 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of the Ankus or Hook on Elephants .................................................................................................103 3.13 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of the Electric Goad or Hotshot on Elephants............................................................................................106 iii
Page 1 and 2: Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
Page 3: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
Page 9 and 10: 5. Elephants are large and intellig
Page 11 and 12: Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
Page 13 and 14: The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
Page 15 and 16: jaw but no more than two teeth are
Page 17 and 18: Features of the elephant’s reprod
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
Page 21 and 22: Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Page 23 and 24: populations using this method; the
Page 25 and 26: obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28: and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30: condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32: animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34: COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
Page 35 and 36: Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
Page 37 and 38: to North America in 1796 and the fi
Page 39 and 40: and a lack of foraging opportunitie
Page 41 and 42: protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44: enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46: Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48: Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50: Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52: Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54: prevent obesity and associated heal
Page 55 and 56:
than the average zinc content of th
Page 57 and 58:
RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
Page 59 and 60:
Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
Page 61 and 62:
� Control/predictability. Ideally
Page 63 and 64:
Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
Page 65 and 66:
institutions MUST exchange keepers
Page 67 and 68:
Reproductive Biology Department at
Page 69 and 70:
eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
Page 73 and 74:
within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
Page 77 and 78:
The goal should be to give cows exp
Page 79 and 80:
i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
Page 81 and 82:
Mason report are never used. Method
Page 83 and 84:
incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
Page 87 and 88:
process. More than one handler may
Page 89 and 90:
1 Must added • An opportunity to
Page 91 and 92:
c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94:
or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96:
• In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98:
the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100:
Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102:
processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104:
There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106:
3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108:
Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110:
Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112:
• Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114:
Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116:
• Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118:
Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120:
observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122:
Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124:
measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126:
metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128:
Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130:
management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132:
After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134:
Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136:
� Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138:
Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140:
Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142:
Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144:
Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146:
Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148:
Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150:
Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152:
Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154:
Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156:
Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158:
Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160:
Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162:
Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164:
Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166:
Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168:
Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170:
6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172:
this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174:
These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176:
6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178:
6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180:
6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182:
6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184:
March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186:
(a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188:
6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190:
6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192:
Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194:
Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196:
uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198:
exception of one female Asian that
Page 199 and 200:
non-Fed members) that do not operat
Page 201 and 202:
4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Page 203 and 204:
Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 205 and 206:
Females - Only one collection that
Page 207 and 208:
ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
Page 209 and 210:
23 Are enrichments assessed in any
Page 211 and 212:
etc? 8 How often has general anaest
Page 213 and 214:
FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
Page 215 and 216:
213
Page 217 and 218:
ody weight of dams, the age at whic
Page 219:
Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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