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Meihering, A. 1984. Dystocial and stillbirgh in cattle - a review of causes, relations and implications. Livestock Production Science 11, 143-177. Meissner, H.H., Spreeth, E.B., de Villers, P.A., Pietersen, E.W., Hugo, T.A. & Terblanche, B.F. Quality of food and voluntary intake by elephants as measured by lignin index. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 20, 104- 110. Melens, B. 1994. Training for transport. In: Proceedings of the Seventh U.K. Elephant Workshop (Cricket St Thomas Wildlife Park) (Ed. by N.G. Spooner & J.A. Whitear), pp. 62-70. Chester, England, North of England Zoological Society. Mellen, J. & Ellis, S. 1996. Animal learning and husbandry training. In: Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques (Ed. by D.G. Kleiman, M.E. Allen, K.V. Thompson & S. Lumpkin), pp. 88-116. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Mellen, J. & Keele, M. 1994. Social structure and behaviour. In: Medical Management of the Elephant (Ed. by S. Mikota, E.L. Sargent & G.S. Ranglack), pp. 19-26. West Bloomfield, Michigan, Indira Publishing. Menageries, T. 1831. Quadrupeds Described and Drawn From Living Subjects. Vol. 2 The Elephant. London: The Library of Entertaining Knowledge Mikota, S., Larsen, R.S. & Montali, R.J. 2000. Tuberculosis in elephants in North America. Zoo Biology 19, 393-403. Mikota, S., Peddie, L., Peddie, J., Isaza, R., Dunker, F., West, G., Lindsay, W., Scott Lardsen, R., Salman, M., Chatterjee, D., Payeur, J., Whipple, D., Thoen, C., Davies, D., Sedgwick, C., Montali, R.J., Ziccardi, M. & Maslow, J. 2001. Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32, 1-16. Mikota, S., Sargent, E. & Ranglack, G.S. 1994. Medical Management of the Elephant. West Bloomfield, Michigan: Indira Miller, G., Wilcox, C., LaTorres, S. & Upchurch, B. 1994. A commitment to elephant management at Point Defiance Zoo and aquarium. Animal Keeper's Forum 21, 111-114. Mills, S. 2002 Poison in paradise BBC Wildlife January, 20 London, BBC Magazines Milner-Gulland, E.J. 1994. The exploitation of elephants for ivory - an historical perspective. In: Proceedings of the Seventh U.K. Elephant Workshop (Cricket St Thomas Wildlife Park) (Ed. by N.G. Spooner & J.A. Whitear), pp. 38-61. Chester, England, North of England Zoological Society. Montali, R.J., Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Hermes, R., Ippen, R. & Ramsay, E.C. 1997. Ultrasonography and pathology of genital tract leiomyomas in captive Asian elephants: implications for reproductive soundness. Verh. ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 38, 253-258. 150
Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relationships and social structure of African elephants. In: Primate Social Relationships (Ed. by R.A. Hind), pp. 315-334. London, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Moss, C.J. 1983. Oestrus behaviour and female choice in the African elephant. Behaviour 86, 167-196. Moss, C.J. 1988. Elephant Memories. London: Elm Tree Books Namboodiri, N. 1997. Practical Elephant Management: a Handbook for Marhouts. Malayalam, India: Elephant Welfare Association/Zoo Outreach Association National Research Council 1989. Nutritional Requirements of Horses. 5th Revised edn. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. National Tuberculosis Working Group for Zoo and Wildlife Species 2000 Guildelines for the Control of Tuberculosis in Elephantswww.aphis.usda.gov/ac/acindex.html Nchanji, A.C. & Plumtre, A.J. 2001. Seasonality in elephant dung decay and implications for censusing and population monitoring in south-western Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology 39, 24-32. Niemuller, C.A. 1991. Altered androstenedione to testosterone ratios and LH concentrations during musth in the captive male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 91, 139-146. Niemuller, C.A., Gray, C., Cummings, E. & Liptrap, R.M. 1998. Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive relaxin activity and progesterone in the pregnant Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of Reproduction Science 53, 119-131. Niemuller C.A., Shaw, H.J. & Hodges J.K. 1993. Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by measurement of urinary 5β-pregnanetriol. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 99, 617-625. Nijboer, J. & Casteleijn, M. 2001. Elephanten Ernährung. In: Beiträge Zur Elefantenhaltung in Europa: Tagungsband Elefantenpfegertreffen, Rotterdam February (Ed. by H. Schwammer & S. de Vries), pp. 49-54. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth edn. London: John Hopkins University Press. Nowark, R., Porter, R.H., Levy, F., Orgeur, P. & Schaal, B. 2000. Role of mother-young interactions in the survival of offspring in domestic mammals. Reviews of Reproduction 5, 153-163. Nyakaana, S., Abe, E.L., Arctander, P. & Siegismund Hans R. 2001. DNA evidence for elephant social behaviour breakdown in Queen Elizabeth National Park Uganda. Animal Conservation 4, 231-237. Nyhus, P.J., Tilson, R. & Sumianto 2000. Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Oryx 34, 262-274. 151
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198: exception of one female Asian that
Page 199 and 200: non-Fed members) that do not operat
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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