Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

More documents

Recommendations

Info

188 Common Name Scientific Name Occurrences Oak Quercus 5 Oleaster Elaeagnus 1 Pear Pyrus communis 1 Pines Pinus 1 Plane Platanus 1 Plum Prunus domestica 1 Poplar Populus 1 Pride of Bolivia Tipuana tipu 1 Rose Rosa 1 Rubber Plant Ficus elastica 1 Rushes 1 Sedge Carex 1 Sweet Chestnut Castanaea sativa 1 Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus 4 Thistle Cirsium 4 Tree of Heaven Ailanthus 1 Willow Salix 3 6.6.4 Vitamin E for Elephants and Hoofed Stock Notes prepared by Dr Andrea Fidgett, Chester Zoo, NEZS Vitamin E: definition and description Vitamins are organic components of food, generally present in minute amounts and essential for normal physiological functions such as growth, maintenance and reproduction. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound that functions in the animal mainly as a biological antioxidant. The term ‘vitamin E’ refers to two groups of compounds, the tocopherols and the tocotrienols, whose natural synthesis only occurs in chlorophyll-containing plants, phytoplankton and micro organisms. The predominant form of vitamin E is alpha (α-) tocopherol, deemed the most biologically active and typically used as the measure of overall vitamin E activity.
Vitamin E conversion factors Vitamin E supplements may be labelled d for natural and dl for synthetic. Commercially there is no truly ‘natural’ tocopherol product available since even the d α-tocopherol commercial products are obtained from the original raw material only after several chemical processing steps. Hence it should really be referred to as ‘naturally-derived’. The international unit (IU) is the standard of vitamin E activity and is the same regardless of source, although conversion factors for d & dl tocopherol are different: 1 IU = 1.00 mg dl α-tocopherol acetate (synthetic) Requirements & recommendations While the production goals may be very different, comparative data from domestic livestock are used since requirements for most zoo species have not been established. Perissodactyls all possess a digestive anatomy with an enlarged hindgut for plant fermentation, hence horses are likely physiological models for exotic equids and other perissodactyl groups (tapirs and rhinos). Elephants have similar gut morphology and are included within this group for comparative purposes. Exotic ruminants (artiodactyls) include all antelope, deer, giraffe, mouse deer and camelid families. Though considerable gastrointestinal variation exists across the taxa, all rely on foregut fermentation thus cattle and sheep are the best physiological models available. Vitamin E requirements for domestic species range from 5-50 IU/kg dry diet and most commercially available compound feeds are fortified accordingly (~50IU/kg dry matter). In response to an increasing observation of vitamin E deficiencies in many captive wild animals, recent recommendations for these species are considerably higher, around 100-200 IU per kg dry diet. Green forage and other leafy material are good natural sources of α-tocopherol; young grass being a better source than mature herbage and lucerne being especially rich. Leaves may contain 20 times as much vitamin E as the stems. Yet losses during haymaking can be as high as 90%, thus captive herbivores with limited access to fresh herbage may require supplementation. Vitamin E supplements = 0.67 mg d α-tocopherol (natural/naturally derived) Unless stated otherwise, dl α-tocopherol acetate has been taken as the active ingredient of supplements named in this document since it is the most commonly used form commercially. In the UK a number of products are used to supplement vitamin E for captive herbivores. Vitamin E form and potency of selected products (including one in 2 strengths) are compared in Table 1. 189
Page 1 and 2:
Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
Page 3 and 4:
MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents Management Guidel
Page 7 and 8:
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
Page 9 and 10:
5. Elephants are large and intellig
Page 11 and 12:
Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
Page 13 and 14:
The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
Page 15 and 16:
jaw but no more than two teeth are
Page 17 and 18:
Features of the elephant’s reprod
Page 19 and 20:
Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
Page 21 and 22:
Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Page 23 and 24:
populations using this method; the
Page 25 and 26:
obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28:
and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30:
condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32:
animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34:
COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
Page 35 and 36:
Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
Page 37 and 38:
to North America in 1796 and the fi
Page 39 and 40:
and a lack of foraging opportunitie
Page 41 and 42:
protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44:
enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46:
Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48:
Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50:
Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52:
Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54:
prevent obesity and associated heal
Page 55 and 56:
than the average zinc content of th
Page 57 and 58:
RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
Page 59 and 60:
Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
Page 61 and 62:
� Control/predictability. Ideally
Page 63 and 64:
Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
Page 65 and 66:
institutions MUST exchange keepers
Page 67 and 68:
Reproductive Biology Department at
Page 69 and 70:
eadily available and the results ta
Page 71 and 72:
• Ultrasound examination and iden
Page 73 and 74:
within an individual, thus a partic
Page 75 and 76:
130 kg, the last having a survival
Page 77 and 78:
The goal should be to give cows exp
Page 79 and 80:
i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
Page 81 and 82:
Mason report are never used. Method
Page 83 and 84:
incidents as appropriate. To facili
Page 85 and 86:
einforcer. Classical conditioning t
Page 87 and 88:
process. More than one handler may
Page 89 and 90:
1 Must added • An opportunity to
Page 91 and 92:
c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94:
or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96:
• In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98:
the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100:
Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102:
processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104:
There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106:
3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108:
Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110:
Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112:
• Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114:
Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116:
• Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118:
Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120:
observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122:
Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124:
measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126:
metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128:
Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130:
management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132:
After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134:
Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136:
� Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138:
Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198: exception of one female Asian that
Page 199 and 200: non-Fed members) that do not operat
Page 201 and 202: 4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Page 203 and 204: Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 205 and 206: Females - Only one collection that
Page 207 and 208: ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
Page 209 and 210: 23 Are enrichments assessed in any
Page 211 and 212: etc? 8 How often has general anaest
Page 213 and 214: FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
Page 215 and 216: 213
Page 217 and 218: ody weight of dams, the age at whic
Page 219: Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
show all

Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?