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Roocroft, A. & Zoll, D.A. 1994. Managing Elephants. Ramona, CA: Fever Tree Press Rosevear, M. 2001. Crises management for zoos and aquaria. In: Conservation Through Commerce (Ed. by G.M. Reid & F. Jaques), pp. 111-112. Chester, England, North of England Zoological Society. Rossdale, P.D. & Silver, M. 1982. The concept of readlness for birth. In: Equine Reproducation III (Ed. by I.W. Rowlands, W.R. Allen & P.D. Rossdale), pp. 507-510. Spottiswoode Ballantyne :td. London, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Supplement Vol. 32). Ruhter, D. & Olsen, T. 1993. Management of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus, at Houston Zoological Gardens. International Zoo Yearbook 32, 253-257. Ryan, S.J. & Thompson, S.D. 2001. Disease risk and inter-institutional transfer of specimens in cooperative breeding programmes: herpes and the elephant species survival plans. Zoo Biology 20, 89-101. Sadler, W.C., Hopkins, D.T., Miller, R.E., Junge, R.E., Houston, E.W., Read, B., Kuehn, G. & Gonzales, B. 1994. Vitamin E forms for elephants. In: Proceedings of the American Association Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference October 22-27, pp. 360-370. Santiapillai, C. & Jackson, P. 1990. The Asian Elephant: An Action Plan for Its Conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Santiapillai, C., Silva, A., Karyawasam, C., Esufali, S., Jayaniththi, S., Basnayake, M., Unantenne, V. & Wijeyamohan, S. 1999. Trade in Asian elephant ivory in Sri Lanka. Oryx 33, 176-180. Santiapillai, C. & Supahman, H. 1995. The Sumatran elephant Elephas maximus and its population structure and impact on woody vegetation in the Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Gaja 14, 10-27. Savage, A., Leong, K.M., Grobler, D., Lehnhardt, J., Dierenfeld, E.S., Stevens, E.S. & Aebischer, C.P. 1999. Circulating levels of a-tocopherol and retinol in freeranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo Biology 18, 319-323. Schaftenaar, W. 1996. Vaginal vestibulotomy in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Proceedings American Association Zoo Veterinarians 434-439. Schaftenaar, W. & Hildebrandt, T. 2005. Veterinary guidelines for reproduction-related management in captive female elephants. EAZA Elephant TAG Publication. Schaftenaar, W., Hildebrandt, T., Flügger, M., Göritz, F., Schmitt, D. & West, G. 2001. Guidelines for veterinary assistance during the reproductive process in female elephants. In: Proceedings of AAZV,AAWV,ARAV,NAZWV Joint Conference, Orlando, Sept `18-23 2001, pp. 348-355. Orlando, USA, AAZV. Schanbeger, A. 1994. Protected contact management for elephants at the Houston Zoological Gardens. Animal Keeper's Forum 21, 102-106. 156
Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus elephants temporarily in paddocks - the effects on their behaviour. Animal Welfare 4, 87-101. Schmid, J. 1998. Hands off, hands on: some aspects of keeping elephants. International Zoo News 45, 478-486. Schmid, J. 1998. Status and reproductive capacity of the Asian elephant in zoos and circuses in Europe. International Zoo News 45, 341-351. Schmidt, M. 1981. The hydraulic elephant crush at the Washington Park Zoo. In: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Annual Proceedings Seattle Washington, 1981 (Ed. by M.E. Fowler), pp. 100-106. Seattle, Washington, AAZV. Schmidt, M. 1986. Elephants (Proboscidea). In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (Ed. by M.E. Fowler), pp. 883-923. 2nd edn.Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company. Schmidt, M. 1993. Breeding elephants in captivity. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (Ed. by M.E. Fowler), pp. 445-448. 3rd edn.Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company. Schmidt, M. 1999. Calving elephants (normal). In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (Ed. by M.E. Fowler & E. Miller), pp. 521-522. 4th edn.Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company. Schmidt, M. & Khyne U Mar 1996. Reproductive performance of captive Asian elephants in Myanmar. Gaja 16, 23-42. Schmidt, M.D., Henneous, R.L., Haight, J.D., Rukowski, C. & Sanford, J. 1991. The Elephant Restraint Chute Owner's Manual. Portland, OR: Washington Park Zoo Schmitt, D.L. & Hildebrandt, T. 1998. Manual collection and characterization of semen from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Animal Reproduction Science 53, 309- 314. Schmitt, D.L., Krywko, R.L., Reichard, T., Shellabarger, R.W., Bailey, K.M. & Short, J.N. 2001. Surgical approach to artificial insemination in elephants. In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 31. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Schulte, B.A. 2000. Social structure and helping behaviour in captive elephants. Zoo Biology 19, 447-459. Schulte, B.A. & Rasmussen, L.E. 1999. Signal-receiver interplay in the communication of male condition by Asian elephants. Animal Behaviour 57, 1265-1274. 157
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198: exception of one female Asian that
Page 199 and 200: non-Fed members) that do not operat
Page 201 and 202: 4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Page 203 and 204: Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 205 and 206: Females - Only one collection that
Page 207 and 208: ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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