Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

Table of Contents
Management Guidelines for the Welfare of Elephants ........................ii
Table of Contents ....................................................................................iii
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................v
1.1 The Purpose of the Document ..............................................................v
1.2 Additional Reasons for Management Guidelines ..............................vi
1.3 BIAZA’s Elephant Policy Statement ....................................................vii
Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA..................................................9
A: BIOLOGY.............................................................................................9
2.1 Taxonomy.................................................................................................9
2.2 Morphology..............................................................................................12
2.3 Physiology ................................................................................................14
2.4 Longevity..................................................................................................15
B: FIELD DATA........................................................................................16
2.5 Zoogeography / Ecology .......................................................................16
2.6 Conservation and Protection .................................................................20
2.7 Diet and Feeding Behaviour ..................................................................25
2.8 Reproduction............................................................................................26
2.9 Behaviour and Social Organisation ......................................................27
Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY...............................................33
3.1 Elephants and Man..................................................................................33
3.2 General Guidance on Health and Welfare in Captivity.....................35
3.3 The Captive Environment ......................................................................37
3.4 Feeding and Nutrition ............................................................................46
3.5 Elephant Behaviour and Captivity .......................................................56
3.6 Breeding in Zoos......................................................................................61
3.7 Population Management ........................................................................75
3.8 Elephant Handling and Training ..........................................................78
3.9 Standard Operating Procedure: Staff Training ..................................97
3.10 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of Chains or Shackles on
Elephants .................................................................................................100
3.11 Standard Operating Procedure: Voice Control................................102
3.12 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of the Ankus or Hook on
Elephants .................................................................................................103
3.13 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of the Electric Goad or Hotshot
on Elephants............................................................................................106
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