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Todd, T.W. 1913. Notes on the respiratory system of the elephant. Anatomischer Anzeiger 44, 175-183. Toke Gale 1974. Burmese Timber Elephants. Singapore: Toppan Print Company Traber, M.G., Thellman, C.A., Rindler, M.J. & Kayden , H.J. 1988. Uptake of intact TPGS (D-alpha-tocopheryl polythylene glycol 1,000 succinate), a water miscible form of vitamin E by human cells in vitro. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 605-611. Turkalo, A. & Fay, M.J. 1995. Studying forest elephant by direct observation. Pachyderm 20, 45-54. Ullrey, D.E., Crissey, S.D. & Hintz, H.F. 1997. Elephants: nutrition and dietary husbandry. In: Nutrition Advisory Group Handout Factsheet, 004 (Ed. by M.E. Allen, A.M. Edwards & A. Roocroft) USA, Nutrition Advisory Group. Ullrey, D.E., Jacobson, E.R., Kollias, G.V., Ku, P.K. & Whetter, P.A. 1985. Kwashiorkor and marasmus in baby elephants. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Scottsdale, Arizona, pp. 84-85. Scottsdale, Arizona, AAZV. Urwin, V.E. & Allen, W.R. 1982. Pituitary and chorionic gonadotrphic control of ovarian fundtion during early pregnancy in equids. In: Equine Reproducation III (Ed. by I.W. Rowlands, W.R. Allen & P.D. Rossdale), pp. 372-381. Spottiswoode Ballantyne :td. London, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Supplement Vol. 32)silver. Varman, K.S., Ramakrishnan, U. & Sukumar, R. 1995. Direct and indirect methods of counting elephants: a comparison of results from Mudumalai sanctuary. In: A Week With Elephants (Ed. by J.C. Daniel & H.S. Datye), pp. 331-339. Bombay, Bombay Natural History Society. Veasey, J.S., Waran, N.K. & Young, R.J. 1996. On comparing the behaviour of zoo housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicator, using the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) as a model. Animal Welfare 5, 139-153. Wager, V.A. 1954. Training the African elephant. Wildlife Life 8, 333-339. Wait, P. 1983. The management of elephants and experiences at Chester Zoo. In: Management of Pachyderms (Ed. by J. Barzdo), pp. 30-33. Bristol, ABWAK. Walker, S. & Namboodiri, N. 1996. The three C's and three E's of elephant management. Zoos' Print June, 63-65. Wallace, C. & Doyle, C. 1992. The labor, birth and post delivery management of an Asian elephant and her calf. Proceedings American Association Zoo Veterinarians and American Association Wildlife Veterinarians joint conference November, 104-109. 160
Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfeld, E. 1992. Serum vitamin E status in captive elephants during prolonged supplementation of micellized natural alphatocopherol . Proceedings American Association Zoo Veterinarians and American Association Wildlife Veterinarians joint conference November, 388-394. Walsh, P.D. & White, L.J. 1999. What will it take to monitor forest elephant populations. Conservation Biology 13, 1194-1202. WCMC and WWF International 2001. Asian (Indian) Elephant. Cambridge, England: WCMC Webster, J. 1994. Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Toward Eden. Oxford: Blackwell Science Weisz, I., Wuestenhagen, A. & Schwammer, H. 2000. Research on nocturnal behaviour of African elephants at Schönbrunn Zoo. International Zoo News 47, 228-233. Western, D., Moss, C. & Georgiadis, N. 1983. Age estimation and population age structure of elephants from footprint dimensions. Journal of Wildlife Management 47, 1192-1197. Whalley, P. 1994. Elephant Parturition in Captivity. Chester: North of England Zoological Society White, L.J., Tutin, C. & Fernandez, M. 1993. Group composition and diet of forest elephants. African Journal of Ecology 31, 181-199. Whitehouse, A.M. & Kerley, I.G. 2002. Retrospective assessment of long term conservation management of elephants in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Oryx 36, 243-248. Whyte, I., van Aarde, R. & Pimm, S. 1998. Managing the elephants of Kruger National Park. Animal Conservation 1, 77-83. Widdowson, E.M. 1974. Immediate and long term consequences of being large or small at birth. In: Size at Birth: Ciba Foundation Symposium 27 (New Series), pp. 65- 82. North-Holland, Elsevier. Wiese, R.J. 2000. Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America. Zoo Biology 19, 299-309. Wiese, R.J. & Willis, K. 2004. Calculation of longevity and life expentancy in captive elephatns. Zoo Biology 23, 365-373. Williams, E.S. & Barker, I.K. 2001. Infectious Diseases of Wild Animals. 3rd edn. Iowa, USA: Iowa State University Press. Wingate, L. & Lasley, B. 2001. Is musth a reproductive event? An examination for and against this view. In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 36. Munster, Schuling Verlag. 161
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198: exception of one female Asian that
Page 199 and 200: non-Fed members) that do not operat
Page 201 and 202: 4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Page 203 and 204: Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 205 and 206: Females - Only one collection that
Page 207 and 208: ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
Page 209 and 210: 23 Are enrichments assessed in any
Page 211 and 212: etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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