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Section 5:References/Bibliography van Aarde, R., Whyte, I. & Pimm, S. 1999. Culling and the dynamics of the Kruger National Park African elephant population. Animal Conservation 2, 287-294. Alexander, J. & Reid, B. 1992. Elephant training terminology: a method to change training techniques. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Regional Conference Proceedings, pp. 483-490. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. Allen, K. 1995. Ethical parameter for marketing and public relations. In: Ethics on the Ark (Ed. by B.G. Norton, M. Hutchins, E. Stevens & T.L. Maple), pp. 289-296. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution Press. Alwis, L.,de 1991. Working elephants. In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Elephants (Ed. by S.K. Eltringham), pp. 116-129. London, Salamander Books Ltd. Ange, K., Crissey, S.D., Doyle, C., Lance, C. & Hintz, H.F. 2001. A survey of African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephant diets and measured body dimensions compared to their estimated nutrient requirements. In: AZA Nutritional Advisory Group, 2001 Conference AZA, USA, AZA. Appleby, M.A. 1999. What Should We Do About Animal Welfare. Edinburgh: Blackwell Science Armbruster, P., Fernando, P. & Lande, R. 1999. Time frames for population viability analysis of species with long generations: an example with Asian elephants. Animal Conservation 2, 69-73. Armbruster, P. & Lande, R. 1993. A population viability analysis for African elephant (Loxodonta africana): how big should reserves be? Conservation Biology 7, 602- 610. Avery, M.E.A.G. 1974. Birth weight of lambs: influences and consequences. In: Size at Birth: Ciba Foundation Symposium 27 (New Series), pp. 215-267. North- Holland, Elsevier. AZA 2000. Guidelines for Development of a Crises Communication Plan. Washington, D.C.: AZA AZA 2001. AZA Standards for Elephant Management and Care. Washington D.C.: AZA AZA and Elephant Research Foundation 2000 Elephant Necropsy Protocolwww.aphis.usda.gov/ac/ElephNecropsy2000.html Babassa, D. 2000. Habitat selection by elephants in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, south-western Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 38, 116-122. 136
Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L., Schütz, R., Bartos, N. & Schwammer, H. 2001. Development of an interactive elephant feeding system (EFS). In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 52. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Barnes, R.F.W. 2001. How reliable are dung counts for estimating elephant numbers? African Journal of Ecology 39, 1-9. Barnes, R.F.W., Craig, G.C., Dublin, H.T., Overton, G., Simons, W. & Thouless C.R. 1999. African Elephant Database 1998. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Barnes, R.F.W. 1984. Elephants. In: The Encyclopaedia of Mammals (Ed. by D. Macdonald), pp. 452-461. London, George Allen & Unwin. Barnett, J. 1990. Elephant nutrition. In: Proceedings of the Fourth U.K. Elephant Workshop (Port Lympne Zoo Park) (Ed. by N.G. Spooner) Chester, England, North of England Zoological Society. Barrett, A. and Newman, O. 2001 The generation gap BBC Wildlife November, 21-28 London, BBC Magazines Barriel, V., Thuet, E. & Tassey, P. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of Elephantidae. Extreme divergence of the extant forest African Elephant. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 322, 447-454. Basson, P.A., McCully, R.M., deVos, V., Young, E. & Kruger, S.P. 1971. Some parasitic and other diseases of the African elephant in the Kruger National Park. The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 38, 239-254. Benz, A. 2005. The Elephant's Hoof: Macroscopic and Microscopic Morphology of Defined Locations Under Consideration of Pathological Changes. Zurich: RoNexus Services Ag, Basel Berglund, L.A., Sharp, D.C., Vernon, M.W. & Thatcher, W.W. 1982. Effect of pregnancy and collection technique on protaglandin F in the uterine lumen of pony mares. In: Equine Reproducation III (Ed. by I.W. Rowlands, W.R. Allen & P.D. Rossdale), pp. 335-341. Spottiswoode Ballantyne :td. London, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Supplement vol 32). Bowles, D. 1996. Wildlife trade-a conserver or exploiter. In: The Exploitation of Mammal Populations (Ed. by V.J. Taylor & N. Dunstone), pp. 266-291. London, Chapman & Hall. Bridges, W. 1947. Zoo Expeditions. Toronto: George J. McLeod Ltd. British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2005. BIAZA Animal Transaction Policy. London: BIAZA British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2005. Guidelines for Animal Close Contact in Member Collections of BIAZA. London: BIAZA 137
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
Page 87 and 88: process. More than one handler may
Page 89 and 90: 1 Must added • An opportunity to
Page 91 and 92: c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94: or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96: • In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98: the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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